1. James Frost May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

2. Introduction  Have been working in the Exotics group during the CSC analysis exercise, and will present a brief overview of it.  Many thanks to the rest of the subgroup:  Reminder:  Models with extra spatial dimensions (ED) can allow MPL ~ 1 TeV, and raise the intriguing possibility of producing short-lived t~10 -26 s black holes.  Solves the hierarchy problem.  Much recent theoretical progress, and offers the possibility of studying quantum gravity. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 2 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

3. Event Properties (I)  Black hole samples do not look the same – they can look very different, depending on the parameters.  Black hole events can be very crowded – some samples have average multiplicities of 12 or 16.  BUT this is not always the case, some have many events with only 4 or 5 particles, and look far more like backgrounds.  Background tails extend to high multiplicity  Selection needs to be robust over a wide range of theoretical uncertainties and different BH samples. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 3 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

4. Event Properties (II)  Left plot shows the sum of |Pt| - a variable that shows good independence across BH samples and good discrimination against backgrounds.  Event shapes variables depend strongly on BH parameters – not suited to hard cuts - though there is some background separation power, the greater cross- sections of the backgrounds preclude this. Sum |Pt| (MeV) 10 3 James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 4 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

5. Signal Selection  Cutting on  |Pt| > 2.5 TeV reduces backgrounds drastically, leaving only high Pt QCD as the dominant cross-section.  A further cut requiring a lepton (Pt>50 GeV) reduces the backgrounds further, though there is a drop in signal efficiency. Pt cut Both cuts 10 3 James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 5 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

6. Selection & Efficiencies  Two efficient methods to select BH events were determined:  Method One: A cut on the sum of scalar Pt > 2.5 TeV and a requirement of one lepton (e,mu) with Pt > 50 GeV  Method Two: A cut of four objects with Pt > 200 TeV, one a lepton (e, mu) James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 6 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting One: Two: (Numbers from M. Kaneda)

7. Mass Resolution  An indication of the accuracy with which the black hole mass can be reconstructed is given by the mass resolution  This can be further improved by applying a cut on Missing Et < 100 GeV, at a cost of some signal efficiency  This is important for the discovery reach, since our simulated data has an artificial BH mass threshold (below which the model's semi- classical approximations are not valid), which will not be present in data, where it would be sensible to make a cut on reconstructed mass. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 7 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

8. How many extra dimensions?  Calculating the number of extra dimensions in a manner that is free from the theoretical uncertainties and independent of potential model parameters is difficult. Care must also be taken not to bias the selection such that the subsample passing the selection cuts is unrepresentative of the true BH distribution.  One method showing potential was first described in hep-ph/0411022, and has been made compatible with cuts for signal selection and background rejection. The probability of a hard emission (y-axis) for any number of extra dimensions should lie between upper and lower bounds that can be calculated theoretically as a function of BH mass (x-axis)  Method is also independent of some of the model uncertainties.  Greater luminosity than the 0.75 fb-1 shown here is needed, but the method shows promise. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 8 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

9. Discovery at High MET?  This does not form part of our standard signal selection, but assuming it is well-calibrated, could provide an indication of new physics.  Plots show the distribution of events after a highly-efficient standard cut on  |P T | < 2.5 TeV. The usual 2 nd cut requiring a lepton, with lower signal efficiency (particularly at higher number of dimensions) is not needed.  A cut on MET > ~ 600 GeV would leave negligible background and plentiful signal. The high cross-section allows BH models to be distinguished easily from SUSY events, for which such high values of MET are rare.  Despite the early evidence of the presence of BH/new physics it could provide, such a selection allows a far less accurate mass reconstruction, limiting its use in cross-section measurement and discovery.  Black Hole events have a great range of Missing E T, with a long tail toward 2 TeV. This is currently under- estimated in our MC (graviton emission is not included), making these distributions conservative. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 9 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

10. Toward Data : TAG Skimming on FDR FDR1 Jet stream – runs 3070 & 3071 – these are the most realistic event mixes Six merged AOD files – 13 GB Reproduced AOD file – using SumEt>2 TeV as TAG query – 23 MB Black: All AOD Red: Sum |P T | > 2.5 TeV applied at analysis step  Have investigated skimming events using a TAG query of: Sum ET > 2 TeV  Background reduced by O(10 3 ) with no loss of events passing tighter analysis cut.  Taking this one step further – the TAG database can also be queried – produces a TAG file of your events – can ask for “good detector status”, or a particular trigger – potentially luminosity information too.  Have determined a suitable variable for event selection to be incorporated into the Exotics TagWord James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 10 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

11. CSC BH Group Plan  Group will continue to work beyond CSC notes, and its focus will change from a very specific model search to a more signature based search  Preparations for data taking:  detector performance, acceptance and miscalibrations,  triggers  systematic uncertainties  SM backgrounds  Keep up with new theories warranting experimental investigation – needs suitable MC generators – study additional generators such as BlackMax and Catfish.  Expand the groups area from "BH signatures" to "TeV scale gravitational signatures“  Black holes  Fireballs a la Lisa Randall  String balls, time machines ….  New name of the group: “TeV scale gravitational signatures” James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 11 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

12. Backup Slides James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 12 November Exotics Meeting James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 12 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

13. Theoretical Parameters Theoretically uncertain parameter DescriptionCanonica l Value Alternat e Value Use a kinematic cut-off on the decay If an unphysical, kinematically-disallowed decay energy is selected: True: End BH decay and do remnant decay into N-bodies False: Continue to emit particles until M BH = M PL, then do remnant decay TrueFalse Allow T H to change with time As the black hole decays, its radius and mass becomes smaller and its Hawking temperature rises. True: Hawking temperature is recalculated between emissions False: Hawking temperature fixed at initial value TrueFalse Number of extra dimensions 2, 4, 73,5 Planck ScaleQuantum gravity scale1 TeV2 TeV Decay remnant to N-bodies When the black hole reaches the remnant phase, it decays into N-bodies 2-body decays 4-body decays  There are a number of theoretical uncertainties associated with the model  These were investigated using ATLFAST samples. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 13 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

14. Theoretical Uncertainties N \ EfficiencyFull Sim (%)Fast Sim (%)Kinematic Cutoff – turned off (%) Temperature time variation turned off (%) 4-body remnant Decay (%) 245.842.947.248.747.9 3-33.2--- 427.426.6--- 5-21.7--- 716.115.929.216.627.4  The theoretical uncertainties are large – selection must be efficient across a wide range of potential signals. This was investigated using many Atlfast samples  Cuts: Sum |Pt| > 2.5 TeV At least one lepton with Pt>50 GeV  Theoretical uncertainties are under control – the n=7 sample is the most challenging for signal selection.  The dominant theoretical uncertainty (particularly at high n) is the kinematic cut-off of emissions. With this turned off, the n=7 sample looks more spherical and less like QCD, and the selection efficiency improves. James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 14 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

15. Calculating n Details  A particle emitted in the BH frame with an energy close to half the BH mass (within an energy Ed-here chosen to be 300 GeV), must have been the first particle emitted.  The particle energy spectrum for a given number of extra dimensions and Planck mass is known, but will be amended near the kinematic cut at half the (current) black hole mass.  Upper and lower bounds on the probability of a particle emission with close to half the energy of the black hole can be calculated.  The upper bound includes all the probability distribution of emission in the unphysical region, the lower bound excludes all of it.  A corrective factor is applied to account for the possibility of a soft first emission See hep-ph/0411022 for more details James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 15 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting

16. Triggers (I)  Have a large number of high energy particles on which to trigger.  Particularly at high n, the probability of an event containing a high Pt electron or muon is not very high – better to use jet triggers  Considered: i) Single jet trigger eg. j400 – very efficient, but high background ii) Multijet trigger such as 4j100 – less efficient at high n, but less QCD background. Danger of only selecting certain types of black holes – selection bias toward high multiplicity events. iii) Sum ET trigger – not implemented in CSC-06 – scalar sum over all calo towers Trigger efficiencies for 2 (5640), 4 (6640) and 7 (6641) extra dimensions James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 16 November Exotics Meeting

17. Triggers (II) Single Jet Trigger  The highest single jet threshold trigger gives an excellent efficiency for all signal samples, and should be robust against all types of black holes.  Important that it is unprescaled. Simulated trigger efficiencies for different trigger thresholds as functions of the offline reconstructed jet Pt at LVL3 James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 17 November Exotics Meeting

18. Backup James Frost – University of Cambridge Slide 18 May Atlas UK SUSY/Exotics Meeting