1. Warm Up WORDS: Rock, rock cycle, igneous rock, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock. 1. Forms when melted rock cools and becomes solid 2. The ways that rocks change, break down, and re-form 3. Forms as heat and/or pressure causes changes 4. A naturally formed solid that is made up of one or more types of minerals 5. Formed when weathered-down sediments get packed together What did you find most interesting about the dust bowl documentary?

2. Stop Treating Soil Like Dirt! Let’s explore this very important part of your life.

3. What is Soil? Soil is a mixture of four materials: Weathered rock Organic matter (remains of plants and animals) Water Air

4. Water (~25%) Air (~25%) Rocks (Minerals) (~45%) Organic Matter (leaves, plant roots, etc) (~5%) Soil Components

5. Q: What’s the difference between soil and dirt? A: Location, location, location! Dirt is what you find on the floor. Soil is what you find in the ground (the top layer of the Earth’s surface).

6. Soil Horizon   A layer of soil with properties that differ from those of the layer above or below it. Geologists label the horizons A, B, and C.   Soil Horizon: The different layers of soil on top of each other A horizon – Topsoil: top layer, often dark color B horizon – Clay below the A layer, brownish-reddish color C horizon – Sand deepest layer of soil

7. http://www.mii.org Why the color? http://www.msstate.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu Hematite: redGoethite: yellowish brown Ferrihydrite: reddish brown http://www.beg.utexas.edu Calcite: off white http://www.pitt.edu Quartz: white Organic matter: black http://www.organicgardeninfo.com

8. A horizon: organic coatings B horizon: Iron coatings C horizon: little coating Soil Color by Horizon http://nesoil.com

9. Soil Color Variation

10. Soil Color – Variation by Geography Red soils: Southeast US

11. Soil Color – Variation by Geography Brown/black soils: Midwest

12. http://www.scienceclarified.com Soil Color – Variation by Geography White (gypsum) sands: New Mexico

13. Soil Size http://school.discoveryeducation.com

14. Soil Size In order from LEAST to GREATEST soil size: Clay Silt Sand Gravel

15. Fine Texture - Clay https://www.soils.org/lessons

16. Course Texture - Sand https://www.soils.org/lessons

17. Thien, 1979 Fun Fact: There are over 20,000 different soil types of soil recognized in the US alone!!!!

18. Soil pH (how much ACID is in the soil) Ranges from 1 to 14 Low pH ( 1 ) = VERY ACIDIC (a lot of acid) High pH ( 14 ) = NOT VERY ACIDIC (not a lot of acid) a pH of 7 = neutral (neither a lot nor a little bit of acid) le bit of ac

19.   The kind of soil that forms in an area depends on MANY factors, including: The kind of rock in the area The area’s climate The landforms in the area (mountains) Time The animals and other organisms in the area The kind of soil determines what you can grow in it, what you can build on it, and what happens to the rainwater that falls on it.

20. Soil supports life: plants grow from soil and we need plants to live http://www.Istockphoto.com L. Clarke and Corbis, 2008 Why is Soil Important?

22. Soil stores important nutrients that make our plants healthier for us. http://www.lesco.com/ Phosphorus (P) Nitrogen (N) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg)

23. Soil provides support for buildings http://www.pbase.com

24. PropertySandTop-soilClay Water holdingLowMed-highHigh Nutrient supplyingPoorMed-highHigh Does the Type of Soil Matter? Yes!! Some soils are stronger for buildings, some hold nutrients better.

25. Without soil, there would be no jeans. That's right! Jeans are made of cotton denim stitched together with cotton thread. Their blue color comes from indigo dye. Cotton and indigo come from plants that need soil to grow.

26. Without soil, we would have no aluminum cans. Aluminum starts out locked inside the soil, in an ore called bauxite.

27. Without soil, we couldn't even eat breakfast! Wheat in cereal Oranges in orange juice Animal proteins in milk, bacon, and eggs were nourished by the soil and what grows in it. Even a ceramic plate is made of a type of soil. No soil, no breakfast and no plates from which to eat.

28. In your notebook on page 46: How does soil affect our lives daily?   Answer in COMPLETE SENTENCES   Your answer should be at least 4 sentences.   You need to include EXAMPLES to support your answer.

29.   There are over 400 different soils in North Carolina.   A variety of crops flourish on almost all of the soils in North Carolina   About half of the acreage is cultivated, and the rest is used for pasture or forest.   The most common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.

30.  Homework  Why was the Dust bowl so Important in the history of the United States? Use evidence from what we have learned or talked about in classs to explain if the dust bowl could happen again and what could we do as humans to prevent it? Must be at least 5 sentences