1. ghulat (exaggerators) Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 737) Ja‘far al-Sadiq (d. 765) Imam (divinely-inspired leader): (1) designated by predecessor, (2) has divinely-inspired knowledge, (3) encouraged quietism 740 Failed revolt by Zayd. However several Zaydi states set up in late 8th c. 760 Death of Imam- designate, Isma‘il 765 Death of Ja‘far

2. ‘Ali (d. 661) al-Hasan (d. 669)al-Husayn (d. 680) Zayn al-‘Abidin (d. 712/3) Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 737) Ja‘far al-Sadiq (d. 765) Musa al-Kazim (d. 799)Isma‘il (d. 760) Imami ImamsMuhammad al-Mahdi 6 7 5 4 32 1 Imamis/ithna ‘asharis/“Twelvers”

3. Ja‘far al-Sadiq (d. 765) Musa al-Kazim (d. 799) ‘Ali al-Rida (d. 818) Muhammad al-Taqi al-Jawad (d. 835) ‘Ali al-Hadi (d. 868) al-Hasan al-‘Askari (d. 873/4) Muhammad al-Muntazar (al-Mahdi, in Greater Concealment since 941) 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Imamis/ ithna ‘asharis/ “Twelvers” taqiyya (dissimulation) ‘Uthman al-‘Amri

4. ‘Ali (d. 661) al-Hasan (d. 669)al-Husayn (d. 680) Zayn al-‘Abidin (d. 712/3) Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 737) Ja‘far al-Sadiq (d. 765) Musa al-Kazim (d. 799)Isma‘il (d. 760) Imami ImamsMuhammad al-Mahdi 6 7 5 4 3 2 1 Isma‘ilis/ “Seveners”

5. zahir = “outer” batin = “inner” hujja = “proof” Fatimid caliphate 9th c. Isma‘ilis establish base in Syria 902 ‘Abd Allah (‘Ubayd Allah) leaves Syria. 910 ‘Abd Allah takes Qayrawan.

6. Sunnis, from sunna = “path” hadith = stories of the Prophet and his companions arkan al-islam = “the pillars of Islam”

7. The “Pillars” of Islam Shahada (testimony) Salat (ritual prayer) Zakat (alms tax) Sawm (Ramadan fast) Hajj (greater pilgrimage) la ilaha illa AllahMuhammadun rasul Allah (There is no god except God)(Muhammad is the messenger of God) At dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and eveningmasjid (mosque) mu’adhdhin (caller)khutba (sermon)minbar (pulpit) mihrab (prayer niche) ‘id al-fitr (feast of the breaking of the fast) ‘id al-adha (feast of sacrifice)

8. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid (b. c. 945, d. 1022) Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu‘man al-Baghdadi, a.k.a. Ibn al-Mu‘allim Ithna ‘ashari theologian, jurisprudent and teacher Composed over 170 works on theology and religious sciences, incl. Kitab al-Irshad (book on the twelve Imams)