1. Late 19 th Century Russia

2. The Reign of Alexander II Serfdom is abolished. Why? A) Serfs- threats of revolt B) Forced to fight in wars (ineffective) C) Every other country had already done so (not Brazil or U.S.) Emancipation- ineffective as they were not given land, and many fell into debt.

3. Legal Reforms Equality before the law for all Trials by juries Tsars could reduce/ maximize sentences. Some imperfections, but much more efficient.

4. Military Reforms Lowered soldier service from 25-15 yrs. All Russian men 20+, had to serve either 6 years of active duty, or 9 years of reserve duty.

5. Poland Poland nationalists attempted to overthrow Russian dominance. Unsuccessful.

6. Alexander Herzen Exiled to Britain. Wrote “The Bell”- reformist positions

7. Populism Sought a social Revolution based on communal life.

8. “Land and Freedom” Radical society

9. Vera Zasulich Radical who shot the Governor of St. Petersburg. Acquitted at trial because he was a bad man. This encouraged more terrorist activity.

10. People’s Will Radical Group dedicated to overthrow the autocracy.

11. The Death of Alexander II Bombed by a member of the People’s Will.

12. Unchanging Autocratic Monarchs Alexander III Nicholas II The resistance to change leads ultimately to the Russian Revolution of the late 1910’s.