1. Complex Structures Nested Structures Self referential structures A structure may have Data variables Internal structures/unions Pointer links Function pointers struct course { int course_num; struct student[20]; struct course *next; int (*average)(int []); };

2. Dynamic Structures Link Lists A type of data structure that have its elements linked together Generic on-demand dynamic structure Easy manipulation, but may not be efficient Trees A type of data structures in which elements are connected in a tree form Complex data structures More efficient, use only if the number of elements are large

3. Link Lists Single Link Lists head Double Link lists head struct slink { int data; struct slink *next; }; struct dlink { int data; struct dlink *next; struct dlink *prev; };

4. Other Link Lists Hash link lists bin[size] Other variants: queues and stacks Queue: a link list grown at one end, shrink at another, i.e. FIFO Stack: a LIFO link list

5. Trees – binary trees root struct node { int data; struct node *left; struct node *right; }; rightleft leaf height

6. More Trees Tertiary Trees Each node has three children K-ary Trees Each node has K children B (Balanced)- Trees A tree that maintains a balanced height as it grows/shrinks …

7. Sample Usage Important functions insert delete search … Maintain a dynamic structure of sorted numbers using any of the previous structures

8. Double link list void insert (struct dlink *head, struct dlink *entry) { struct dlink *tmp; for (tmp = head->next; tmp!= head && tmp- >data data; tmp = tmp->next); tmp->prev->next = entry; entry->prev= tmp->prev; tmp->prev = entry; entry->next = tmp; }; void delete (struct dlink *entry) { entry>next->prev = entry->prev; entry>prev->next = entry->next; entry->next = entry->prev = NULL; }; struct dlink * search (struct dlink *head, int val) { struct dlink * tmp; for (tmp = head->next; tmp!= head && tmp->data != val; tmp = tmp->next); return (tmp==head)? NULL : tmp; } int main() { struct dlink num[10] = { … }; struct dlink head={0, NULL, NULL}; for (int i=0; i<10; i++) insert (&head, &num[i]); … return 0; }

9. Binary Search Tree void insert (struct node *root, struct node *entry) { /* where to insert is really algorithm dependent. A generic case only: entry is to replace the left node of head */ if (head->left) { entry->left = head->left->left; entry->right = head->left->right; } head->left = entry; }; void delete ( struct node *root, struct node *entry) { /* The key is to find a node that has an entry as a child */ }; struct node * search (struct node *root, int val) { if (!root) return NULL; else if (root->data != val) tmp = search(root->left, val); if (!tmp) tmp = search(root->right, val); return tmp; } int main() { struct node num[10] = { … }; struct node root = {0, NULL, NULL}; for (int i=0; i<10; i++) { insert (&root, &num[i]); } … return 0; }