2. Chapter 8 Lesson 1

4. The sun provides heat and energy for the Earth. The angle at which sunlight strikes Earth’s surface is called the angle of isolation.

6. Seasons are caused by The tilt of the Earth on its axis The rotation of the Earth around the sun The angle of the sun’s rays

8. Why do some things get hotter than others? Dark colors absorb more heat. Light colors reflect more heat. Rough textures cause light to bounce around at many angles absorbing more energy. Rough surfaces get hotter than smooth surfaces. Land absorbs more heat or energy than water.

9. What is the Atmosphere?

10. Atmosphere is the air that surrounds the Earth. It reaches from the Earth’s surface to the edge of space.

12. Layers of the Atmosphere The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface. It is the narrowest layer (8 km to 18km thick). It contains most of the air in the atmosphere. All life exists in the troposphere. All weather occurs in the troposphere.

13. 2. The layer above the troposphere is the stratosphere. It is between 18km to 50km. 3. The layer above the stratosphere is the Mesosphere. It is between 50km to 80km. 4. The layer above the Mesosphere is the thermosphere. It is above 80 km high.

15. How does air pressure change with altitude? Air is a mixture of gases. It is mostly made up of molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. Molecules are the smallest pieces that a substance can be broken into without changing what the substance is. They have mass, so they have weight. Air pressure is the force put on a given area by the weight of the air above it. As you go higher in altitude, air pressure steadily decreases.

16. What is Weather? Weather is what the lower atmosphere, or troposphere is like at any given place and time. The conditions that make up weather are air temperature, air pressure, amount of moisture in the air, wind, clouds, and rain or snow.

18. Measuring Weather You can measure temperature with a thermometer. Thermometers can use two different temperature scales. The Celsius scale is marked with the letter C. The Fahrenheit scale is shown by the letter F.

19. Measuring Air Pressure

20. Air pressure is measured with a barometer. Two common types of barometers are the mercury barometer and the aneroid barometer.