1. Direct & Indirect Speech statements and questions Unit 1 Grammar

2. 当我们想引述别人说的话时有 两种表达方式：直接引述别人 的原话，叫直接引语；用自己 的话转述别人的话，叫间接引 语。下面我们就直接引语和间 接引语进行详细的讲解。

3. T: What did you eat this morning? S1: I ate … T: What did S1 say, S2? S2: S1 said he/she had eaten … direct speech indirect speech She said, “China has been using PSAs ( 公益广告 ) to educate people.” She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. indirect speech direct speech

4. What’re the differences between direct speech and indirect speech?

5. Differences direct speech indirect speech ◆ To report what exactly has been said ◆ The words usually appear in quotation marks ◆ To report the meaning of what has been said without using the exact words ◆ No quotation marks

6. How to change direct speech into indirect speech? a. Change what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrase; b. Change personal pronouns; c. Change tenses; d. Change adverbials of time and place; e. Other cases.

7. He said, “I like it very much.” He said that he liked it very much. He said to me, “I’ve left my book in your room. He told me that he had left his book in my room. b. Change personal pronouns: I said to her, “I have done my best.” I told her that I had done my best.

8. Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech Simple present Simple future Present continuous Past perfect Simple past Present perfect continuous Present perfect Past continuous Past perfect Future in the past Past perfect con- tinuous c. The changes of the tenses Simple past

9. He said, “ I lost a key here yesterday. ” He said that he had lost a key there the day before/the previous day. “ I read the book here a week ago, ” Jane said to him. Jane told him that she had read the book there a week before. d. Change adverbials of time and place

10. Direct speech Indirect speech now then today that day/yesterday/on Saturday, etc. tomorrow the next day/the following day/on Tuesday, etc. yesterday the day before/the previous day/on Tuesday, etc. next week the week after/the following week, etc. last year the year before/the previous year, etc. a week ago a week before/a week earlier, etc.

11. Direct speechIndirect speech thisthat thesethose herethere comego bringtake e. Other cases

12. She said, “I’ll come here again tonight.” She said she would go there again that night. He said, “I want this.” He said that he wanted that. May said to Tom, “I’ll bring some photos here to you tomorrow.” May told Tom she would take some photos there to him the next day.

13. 由直接引语转变为间接引语, 下列情况 时态不变 : 1. 不变的真理 The teacher said to the students, “Water freezes when the temperature falls below 0 ℃.” → The teacher told the students that water freezes when the temperature falls below 0 ℃.

14. 2. 经常的习惯： He said to the doctor, “I smoke two packs every day.” → He told the doctor that he smokes two packs every day. 3. 历史事件： The teacher said, “World War Ⅱ ended in 1945.” → The teacher said that World War Ⅱ ended in 1945.

15. 4. 部分情态动词, 如 must, ought to, used to, had better 等： She said to me, “You must hurry up.” → She said that I must hurry up.

16. 1. 转述他人的陈述 → 陈述句 → She asked me what I was doing. He said, “I’m going to Beijing.” → He said that he was going to Beijing. He asked, “Are you a teacher?” → He asked me if /whether I was a teacher. She said, “What are you doing?” 2. 转述他人的疑问 → 一般疑问句 3. 转述他人的问题 → 特殊疑问句

17. 解题步骤 : 1. 陈述句 : “I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends. Sarah said to her friendsthatI don’t like computers. tolddidn’t she Sarah told her friends that she didn’t like computers.

18. 2. 一般疑问句 : Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil? ( They asked him ) They asked him if It is easy to improve the condition of the soil. it is easy to improve the condition of the soil. askediswas They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.

19. Tom said (that) there wasn’t any trouble and that he was waiting for his change. 注意 : 当两个或两个以上的宾语从句并 列时, 仅能省略第一个 that, 其余的不能 省略。 Tom said, “ There isn’t any trouble and I’m waiting for my change ( 零钱 ).”

20. 3. 特殊疑问句： When do you harvest the wheat? ( They asked him ) They asked him when you harvest the wheat you harvest the wheat. he harvested They asked him when he harvested the wheat. harvested

21. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 陈述句 Jane said, “I’m very fond of traveling.” 一般疑问句 “Is this your umbrella, Mary?” asked John. that 引导的宾语从句 Jane said that she was very fond of traveling. whether / if 引导的宾 语从句 John asked Mary if that was her umbrella.

22. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 特殊疑问句 “Mary, when will you return me the book?” asked John. 祈使句 The officer said to him, “Don’t leave your post.” wh- 词引导的宾语从句 John asked Mary when she would return him the book. 不定式 The officer ordered him not to leave his post.

23. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) Let’s 开头的祈使句 I said to him, “Let’s start at once.” 感叹句 He said: “How happy I am!” that 引导的宾语从句 I suggested to him that we (should) start at once. that / what / how 引导的宾语从句 He said that he was very happy. He said how happy he was.

24. 由直接引语转变为间接引语, 有时会引起 时态的变化, 注意以下几个方面。 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句动词为一般现在 时或现在完成时 She often says, “All men and women are equal under the law.” 从句动词时态不变 She often says that all men and women are equal under the law.

25. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 一般现在时 “I know it,” he said. 一般过去时 He said that he knew it.

26. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 现在进行时 “I’m making coffee for you all,” she said. 过去进行时 She said she was making coffee for us all.

27. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 现在完成时 “I have seen her before,” said he. 过去完成时 He said he had seen her before.

28. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 现在完成进 行时 He said, “I have been doing it for hours.” 过去完成进行时 He said he had been doing it for hours.

29. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 一般过去时 “I saw her last Monday,” he said. 过去完成时 He said he had seen her the previous Monday.

30. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 过去进行时 “I was waiting for Jim,” she said. 过去完成进行时 She said she had been waiting for Jim.

31. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态 为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句 时态 变为 : 过去完成时 “ Do you know Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died?” Jack asked. 过去完成时 Jack asked if I knew Rick had been ill in bed for many days till he died.

32. 直接引语 ( 变化前 ) 间接引语 ( 变化后 ) 主句 动词 为一 般过 去时 引语时态为 : 从句 动词 时态 相应 变化 从句时态变为 : 一般将来时 He said, “We shall start tomorrow.” 过去将来时 He said they would start the next day.

33. 1. Jack said to me, “You look worried today.” Jack told me that ___ worried ___. A. he looks…today B. you look…today C. we looked…that day D. I looked…that day 单选

34. 2. We said to her, “They’re walking through the street now.” We told her that ___ through the street ___. A. we were walking…then B. you are walking…now C.they were walking…then D. they walking…now

35. 3. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long way this week.” Mr Black said that __ a long way __. A. I had walked…last week B. he had walked…that week C. I walked…last week D. he has walked…this week

36. 4. The man thought, “I shall take it back tomorrow.” The man thought that __ take it back ____. A. I shall…tomorrow B. I shall…the next day C. he should…tomorrow D. he would …the next day

37. 5. They said to us, “Are you afraid to leave this house ?” They asked us ____ afraid to leave _____ house. A. that were we…this B. that we were…that C. if were we …this D. if we were…that

38. 6. Jane said, “What did he hear about a week ago?” Jane asked ____ about _____. A. that he heard…a week ago B. what he had heard…a week before C. what he had herd… a week ago D. if he heard…a week ago

39. 7. She asked, “Whose house will he break into next time ?” She asked whose house ____ break into _____. A. will he…next time B. would he…the next time C. he would…the next time D. he will…next time

40. 8. Jack said to her, “Where do you spend your holidays?” Jack asked her where ____ holidays. A. she spent her B. you spend your C. she spend her D. you spent your

41. 9. Black asked me, “ Why haven’t you left here yet?” Black asked me why ____ yet. A. I hadn’t left there B. I haven’t left here C. hadn’t I left there D. haven’t I left here

42. 10. The teacher asked her, “Does the sun rise in the east?” The teacher asked her ___ the sun ___ in the east. A. if…rise B. if…rises C. whether…rose D. whether did …rise

43. 1. Alice said, “I've just got a letter from my father.” Alice said that ___ ____ just got a letter from ____ father. 2. Jane asked Dick, “Have you finished writing the report?” Jane asked Dick __________ __ ____ ________ writing the report. she her had 根据句型及句意将下列直接引语变为 间接引语，每空一词。 whether/if he finished had

44. 3. “Don’t grow plants in the same place year after year,”the farmer said. The farmer _____ me ___ __ _____ plants in the same place year after year. 4. Mr. Smith said to the girl, “I will come here to see you next Sunday.” Mr. Smith ____ the girl that ___ _____ ___ there to see ___ ____ _____ Sunday. told not to grow told he would goher the next

45. 根据句型及句意将下列间接引语变为 直接引语，每空一词。 1. He told me that a friend in need is a friend indeed. He ____ ___ me, “A friend in need ___ a friend indeed.” 2. He said that he liked the film very much. He said, “ ___ _____ the film very much.” said is to Ilike

46. 3. She said that she had received a letter two days before. She said,“ ___ _______ a letter ____ _____ ____.” 4. He asked me whether I liked black tea or green tea. He asked me, “ ____ ____ _____ black tea or green tea?” I two days ago Do you like received

47. 把下列的句子变成间接引语。 1. “I’m leaving for London next week,” my sister said to me. 2. John said, “Mr. Smith has come here.” 3. She said, “Do you want me to help you?” John said that Mr. Smith had gone there. My sister told me that she was leaving for London the next week. She asked whether I wanted her to help me.

48. 4. “Did the man in the shop understand him at last?” she said. 5. “How many people are there in your family?” he asked the boy. 6. “Don’t worry,” the mother said to the children. She asked whether the man in the shop understood him at last. He asked the boy how many people there were in his family. The mother told the children not to worry.