1. February 24, 2014 Write down definitions for: o Intron o Exon o pre-mRNA

2. Introns: section of structural DNA that are transcribed but are not translated Exons: section of structural DNA that, when expressed, are transcribed and translated pre-mRNA: a form of messenger RNA (mRNA) that contains both introns and exons http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_vi ew0/chapter15/animation_- _exon_shuffling.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_vi ew0/chapter15/animation_- _exon_shuffling.html

3. Transcription factors: regulatory proteins in eukaryotes Enhancers: place where transcription factors bind to sequences of DNA http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapt er15/transcription_complex_and_enhancers.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapt er15/transcription_complex_and_enhancers.html

4. Why regulate? Cells need to conserve energy and resources by only producing new proteins when needed Allow for differentiation

5. Cell differentiation: the development of cells that have specialized functions Homeotic genes: regulatory genes that determine where certain anatomical structures will develop in an organism during morphogenesis Cancer: uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other parts of the body http://ed.ted. com/lessons/h ow-do-cancer- cells-behave- differently- from-healthy- ones-george- zaidan http://ed.ted. com/lessons/h ow-do-cancer- cells-behave- differently- from-healthy- ones-george- zaidan

6. Proto-oncogenes: regulate cell growth, cell division, and the ability of cells to adhere to one another o Oncogene: mutation in a pro-oncogene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation Tumor-suppressor genes: code for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring too often

8. Food for thought http://new.ted.com/talks/paul_root_wolpe_ it_s_time_to_question_bio_engineering 1.We should be able to manipulate genes to give desired traits in offspring. 2.We should be informed if our food uses genetically-modified organisms (GMOs). 3.Humans can give consent to knowing if they will be predisposed to diseases.