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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. The Study of Development 1. In what ways do people develop? 2. Why do you think psychologists might be interested in studying children?

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Presentation on theme: "INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. The Study of Development 1. In what ways do people develop? 2. Why do you think psychologists might be interested in studying children?"— Presentation transcript:

1 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

2 The Study of Development 1. In what ways do people develop? 2. Why do you think psychologists might be interested in studying children? 3. How could learning about children help you to learn more about yourself?

3 The Study of Development Developmental Psychology field that focuses on how people change throughout the lifespan, from conception until death

4 The Study of Development Early childhood experiences can affect the people for the rest of their lives. The study of development allows for the discovery of problems and how these problems can be fixed early on in a person’s life. Also what fosters a healthy life in well adjusted children.

5 The study of Development Psychologists are interested in the stages of people’s life. Most studies take place two different ways. 1. longitudinal- -over long periods of time 2. cross-sectional- different subjects at different ages. Two concerns among psychologists 1. which heredity and environmental influences human development 2. do issues occur gradually or in stages.

6 The Roles of Nature vs. Nature We have gone over this debate several times. In human development heredity manifests itself in a process called maturation Maturation- is the automatic process of development that results from genetic signals Infants are perfect examples of this Sit before they crawl Crawl before they walk This sequence happens on its own and will not do these things until they are ready

7 Roles of Nature vs. Nature This concept of readiness comes from an important period called the critical period The critical period- is a stage or point in development which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern

8 Stages vs. Continuity Does development occur in stages or is it continuous?

9 Physical Development Infants are born and equipped with certain abilities An infant is born with certain reflexes or an involuntary reaction or a response. i.e. swallowing - Some of these reflexes stay with humans forever, others will be lost over time.

10 Reflexes Rooting Reflex This reflex occurs when a baby's cheek is stroked. The infant will turn toward the side that was stroked and begin to make sucking motions.

11 Reflexes Grasping Reflex – grasping objects that are placed in the hand Babinski Reflex – toes splaying outwards when the foot is stroked Moro Reflex – limb splaying when a loud noise occurs

12 Height and Weight Babies do grow very quickly, however, the most dramatic changes occur before birth. During the first eight weeks the development of fingers, toes, eyes, ears, and a heart develops. Within the next eight weeks the 1 ½ embryo develops a circulatory system develops. In 9 months this microscopic life form develops into nearly 20 inches

13 Height and Weight Infancy- the period from birth to 2 infants grown almost double their size and grow up to 15-20 inches. In Childhood- all the way to adolescence children develop 2 inches and 4 pounds per year.

14 Temperments A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Jerome Kagan d efined two types of temperament: Inhibited (or high reactive) refers to a shy, timid, and fearful child. Uninhibited (or low reactive) refers to the appearance of bold, sociable and outgoing behaviors.

15 Attachment the bonding between child and caregiver that provides a secure base from which children can explore

16 Harry Harlow One wire monkey with a milk bottle, one soft cloth monkey Baby monkeys preferred the softer mother figure when they were scared Physical Comfort is a key to attachment, emotional communication, a secure base Harry Harlow’s Experiment

17 Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Stranger Situation in which the babies behavior is observed when the mother leaves the baby with a stranger Stranger Situation Experiment

18 Securely attached children are clearly more attached to the mother. They explore while a parent is present, are distressed when they leave, and go to the parent upon return

19 Insecurely Attached children don’t particularly like to be held, may explore with or without the parent around, may show a lot of stress when their parents leave though they may or may not go to the parent upon return

20 Parenting Styles

21 Authoritarian Parenting Style Authoritarian parents have high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be followed unconditionally. Authoritarian Parents: Have strict rules and expectations. Very demanding, but not responsive. Don't express much warmth or nurturing. Utilize punishments with little or no explanation. Don't give children choices or options.

22 The Effects of Authoritarian Parenting The children of authoritarian parents: Tend to associate obedience and success with love. Some children display more aggressive behavior outside the home. Others may act fearful or overly shy around others. Often have lower self-esteem. Have difficulty in social situations.

23 Permissive Parenting Style Permissive parenting is sometimes known as indulgent parenting. Parents who exhibit this style make relatively few demands upon their children. Because these parents have low expectations for self-control and maturity, they rarely discipline their children. Permissive Parents: Have few rules or standards of behavior When there are rules, they are often very inconsistent Are usually very nurturing and loving towards their kids Often seem more like a friend, rather than a parent. May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food as a means to get child to behave

24 The Effects of Permissive Parenting Children raised by permissive parents: Lack self-discipline Sometimes have poor social skills May be self-involved and demanding May feel insecure due to the lack of boundaries and guidance

25 Authoritative Parenting Style People with authoritative parenting styles want their children to utilize reasoning and work independently, but they also have high expectations for their children. When children break the rules, they are disciplined in a fair and consistent manner, though authoritative parents are also flexible Authoritative Parents: Listen to their children Encourage independence Place limits, consequences and expectations on their children's behavior Express warmth and nurturance Allow children to express opinions Encourage children to discuss options Administer fair and consistent discipline

26 The Effects of Authoritative Parenting Child development experts generally identify the authoritative parenting style as the "best" approach to parenting. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy and successful. According to Baumrind, children of authoritative parents: Tend to have a happier dispositions Have good emotional control and regulation Have strong emotional understanding, self-confidence and self-esteem Develop good social skills Are self-confident about their abilities to learn new skills

27 The Development of Morals

28 Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Reasoning is the thinking that occurs as we consider the ideas of what is right and what is wrong, and what guides our judgments and behaviors There are three stages of moral growth

29 Level 1 – Preconventional Morality Choosing what is right or wrong is based on the fear punishment for disobedience, or the promise of rewards Children often do what is in their own best interest

30 Level 2 – Conventional Morality Beginning to care for other’s feelings, and understanding that there are laws and social rules to follow Choices are also made based on social acceptance as adolescence begins

31 Level 3 – Postconventional Morality Abstract reasoning is used Broader, ethical themes of justice and human rights An internal struggle between your personalized morals, and those of society

32 Social Development

33 Erik Erickson’s psychosocial theory says that all people go through eight stages in their lives, resolving a “crisis” at each one while learning to deal with the rest of society. How we resolve the “crisis” is the basis for our social interactions.

34 Trust vs. Mistrust If needs are met, infants develop (mis)trust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddlers learn independence or dependence. Initiative vs. Guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks or follow. Industry vs. Inferiority Industry vs. Inferiority Children apply themselves or feel inferior. Children apply themselves or feel inferior. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity vs. Role Confusion Teens will refine their sense of self or are confused about their roles. Teens will refine their sense of self or are confused about their roles. Intimacy vs. Isolation Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults form close relationships or feel socially isolated. Young adults form close relationships or feel socially isolated.

35 Generativity vs. Stagnation In middle age adults contribute to the world through work and family or feel a lack of purpose Integrity vs. Despair Older adults reflect on their lives and feel either satisfied or failed

36 Language Infant Speech Development

37 Noam Chomsky Every child is born with the biological predisposition to learn language, any language.

38 Stages of Language Development Cooing (3 mos.) – repeated vowel sounds “aaaaa, oooooo” Babbling (5 mos.) – adding in consonants, stringing together vowel sounds “da-da-da, ma-ma-ma, ba-bab-ba”

39 Stages of Language Development Babbling, Pt. II (9 mos.) – babbling in sounds specific to their language One-Word Stage (1 year) – typically, single concrete words used “dada, mama, baba”

40 Stages of Language Development Two-Word Stage (2 years) – two word sentences, all content “Where kitty? No potty !” By age 3, children begin to add in articles and prepositions and have a vocabulary of over 3,000 words.


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