1. Thermo-energy audit Services for thermo-energy audit Temperature measurement

2. 2 Elaboration of a thermo-energy audit or balance involves analysis of characteristic data for different energy flows. One of this characteristic data is thermodynamic temperature. For measuring thermodynamic temperature there can be used different methods and devices that are presented bellow.

3. 3 Temperature measurement Obtained data after measurements can be used for energy efficiency analysis for different industrial contours. Values of thermodynamic temperature can also be used for elaboration of energy balances. After elaborating thermo-energy audits and/or balances, using measured data, there ca be proposed different measures for increasing energy efficiency.

4. 4 Temperature measurement Devices that are used for temperature measurements are characterized by the precision class. Depending on the precision class of the device there can be performed measurements with higher or lower precision. This fact can influence the results of a thermo-energy audit or balance, and finally the energy efficiency.

5. 5 Temperature measurement It is important to mention that thermodynamic temperature measurement can be performed with devices installed permanently on different technological equipment or with devices that are only installed for one measurement. Another important thing is that obtained data can be stocked, ideally in electronic format, and then can be used for different analysis for increasing energy efficiency.

6. 6 Temperature measurement Glass thermometer with liquid dilatation. Glass thermometer with liquid dilatation is based on liquid dilatation (mercury or other organic liquid) as function of temperature. 1 – bulb (sensitivity element) 2 – glass capillary tube

7. 7 Temperature measurement Bimetallic thermometer. Bimetallic thermometer is based of different dilatation of two metals that have different dilatation coefficients, placed together helicoidally. The free part of the bimetal is connected to the indicator. Bimetal deformation with temperature variation leads to moving the free part and therefore of the indicator.

8. 8 Temperature measurement Bimetallic thermometer Calibration bolt

9. 9 Temperature measurement Bimetallic thermometer 1 – indicator; 2 - bimetal; 3 – fixed connection; 4 – protection; 5 - box

10. 10 Temperature measurement Gas pressure thermometer. Gas pressure thermometer is based on pressure change of a gas within a reservoir with temperature change (in conformity with perfect gasses law). The pressure is measured with manometer and indicated on the dial.

11. 11 Temperature measurement Gas pressure thermometer

12. 12 Temperature measurement Resistance thermometer. Resistance thermometer is of Pt-100 type. It is based on the change of resistance of an electric conductor with temperature. Temperature transmitter is set to indicate temperature for a Pt-100 type sensor. Senzorul Pt-100 este conectat intr-o configuratie cu trei fire, pentru a compensa partial erorile de masura ce apar datorita firelor de legatura lungi.

13. 13 Temperature measurement Resistance thermometer The output data of the transmitter is a tension, which is sent to a digital display. The tension is available at two output jacks, where it can taken by an acquisition system, and displays it in a field of 0 – 100 ºC, corresponding to inputs of 0 -10 V.

14. 14 Temperature measurement Resistance thermometer Resistance of sensor Pt-100 can be simulated through connection of display input to resistances of a measurement stand: –100 Ω corresponding to 0 ºC –110 Ω corresponding to 25,7 ºC

15. 15 Temperature measurement Resistance thermometer 1 – Digital display 2 – Jack Pt100 3 – Jacks for simulation Pt100 4 – Jacks for resistances (10, 100 and1000 Ω) 5 – Laboratory jacks (output 0 – 10 V)

16. 16 Temperature measurement Resistance thermometer

17. 17 Temperature measurement Thermistor. Thermistor is of NTC type. It is based on change of resistance of a semiconductor with temperature: the resistance of the semiconductor decreases with temperature increase. Thermistor characteristic has a good linearity only in the field of 20 – 55 ºC, therefore it can only be used for measurements in this field of temperatures.

18. 18 Temperature measurement Thermistor The characteristic is saved in a special program. The indicated value on the display is also available as an analog output signal (0 – 10 V = 0 – 100 ºC), for the data acquisition system.

19. 19 Temperature measurement Thermistor 1 – Digital display 2 – Laboratory jacks (thermistor NTC) 3 – Laboratory jacks (output 0 – 10 V)

20. 20 Temperature measurement Thermistor

21. 21 Temperature measurement Thermocouple. Thermocouple is based on the Seebeck effect: generation of an electromotive tension as function of temperature. Thermocouple is of K type. Its characteristic is memorized in display program.

22. 22 Temperature measurement Thermocouple The output tension is also available as an analog signal for the data acquisition system (0 – 10 V = 0 – 1000 ºC).

23. 23 Temperature measurement Thermocouple 1 – Digital display 2 – Thermocouple jack 3 – Laboratory jacks (output 0 – 10 V)

24. 24 Temperature measurement Thermocouple

25. 25 Temperature measurement Technical data of thermometers –Bimetallic thermometer Measurement domain: 0 …200 ºC Length of the protection device: 160 mm Diameter of the protection device: 8 mm

26. 26 Temperature measurement Technical data of thermometers –Gas pressure thermometer Measurement domain: 0 …200 ºC Length of the protection device: 160 mm Diameter of the protection device: 8 mm Measurement environment: nitrogen

27. 27 Temperature measurement Technical data of thermometers –Resistance thermometer Temperature sensor Pt100 Measurement domain: 0 …200 ºC Digital display: 0 … 100 ºC Output signal: 0 … 10 V

28. 28 Temperature measurement Technical data of thermometers –Thermistorul Temperature sensor: NTC Measurement domain: 0 … 55 ºC Resistance: R50 = 359,3 and R25 = 886,2 Ω Digital display: 0 … 100 ºC Output signal: 0 … 10 V

29. 29 Temperature measurement Technical data of thermometers –Thermocouple Temperature sensor: thermocouple type K Measurement domain: 0 … 1000 ºC Digital display: 0 … 1000 ºC Output signal: 0 … 10 V