1. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics An Overview of the Science and Engineering Labor Force (With some emphasis on IT) Workshop on Leadership For Networking and Information Technology Education Arlington, VA Sept 16, 2008 Mark Regets mregets@nsf.govmregets@nsf.gov 703-292-7813 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics www.nsf.gov/statistics

2. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics There are many different concepts of the science and engineering labor force 2

3. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Note: Circle sizes are proportionate to population size, but intersection sizes are not proportional. Source: 2003 National Survey of College Graduates 13.7 million with need for S&E knowledge in job 9.9 million with S&E highest degree and job related to degree 5.4 million with S&E occupation 6.2m 1.5m 3.7m 0.5m 2.7m 0.2m 1.0m Complex overlapping concepts of the science and engineering workforce 3

4. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Even at the bachelor’s degree level, most S&E grads report that their job is related to the field of their degree 4

5. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Growth in science and engineering employment has long outpaced both labor force growth and growth in degree production 5

6. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Source: National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 6

7. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 7 Rapid Growth in S&T employment globally Growth rates for selected S&E labor force measurements MeasurementSourceYears Average annual growth rate (%) Researchers in OECD countriesOECD1995–20023.4 Doctorate holders in U.S. nonacademic S&E occupations U.S. Census1990–20054.6 College graduates in U.S. nonacademic S&E occupations U.S. Census1990–20053.8 S&E doctorate holders in U.S.NSF/SRS SESTAT1993–20033.0 S&E bachelor’s degree and above holders in U.S. NSF/SRS SESTAT1993–20033.6 Researchers in ChinaOECD2000–20037.4 Source: NSF/SRS Science and Engineering Indicators 2008

8. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Employment in S&E occupations has grown faster than growth in degrees 8

9. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 9 Source: NSF/SRS Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates U.S. Computer Science Graduate Enrollment: 1999-2006

10. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 10 Source: NSF/SRS Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates U.S. Electrical Engineering Graduate Enrollment: 1999-2006

11. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 11 Source: NSF/NSB Science and Engineering Indicators: 2008 U.S. Computer Science Degrees: 1966-2006

12. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 12 Source: NSF/NSB Science and Engineering Indicators: 2008 U.S. Electrical Engineering Degrees: 1966-2006

13. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics The “demand” for S&E trained workers is neither directly observed or easily measured. Changes in salary and unemployment do provide indicators of demand relative to supply 13

14. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Unemployment rate for S&E and other occupations: 1983-2006 14 Source: Science and Engineering Indicators: 2008

15. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 15

16. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics While most S&E doctorate recipients do not have academic careers, more have been attaining tenure-track positions 16

17. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Until recently, only a relatively small portion of the U.S. science and engineering labor force was near retirement ages 17

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19. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics POSTDOCS 19

20. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 20

21. 21 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Changes in how S&T is done: More S&T activity of all types is done across borders –Teams and collaborations physically located in multiple countries –Both basic research & product development Global capacity for S&T growing rapidly in most part of the world. S&T capacity much less centralized, U.S. now about 1/3 of world R&D

22. 22 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Multiple Node Knowledge Network Increased and more complex flows of students, workers, and finances Increased regional S&T collaboration and links between regions Global and regional labor markets for some skills Increased importance of individuals with high “betweenness”—those connecting the nodes

23. 23 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 23 A “flat world” means that information and people freely move between “mountain tops” (clusters of innovation) Location still matters

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25. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 25 Doctorates Awarded in Math/Computer-Science and Engineering: Selected Countries 1985-2004 Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Note: In several countries computer science is taught primarily as an engineering degree. Counts for math/computer science and engineering were combined for compatibility.

26. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 26 First University Degrees Awarded in Math/Computer-Science and Engineering: Selected Countries 1985-2004 Source: Science and Engineering Indicators 2008 Note: In several countries computer science is taught primarily as an engineering degree. Counts for math/computer science and engineering were combined for compatibility.

27. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Foreign-born are an increasing proportion of those in S&E occupations in the United States 27

28. 28 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics 28

29. 29 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics High-skilled migration is an important part of many countries’ national economic strategy 29

30. National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Chinese Student Flows: 1985-2005 Source: NSF/SRS analysis of data from the China National Bureau of Statistics 30

31. 31 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Is there much of a U.S. native Diaspora? 485,000 college educated U.S. Citizens found in 2000/2001 censuses of OECD countries (Docquier 2004) 1.2 million U.S. Individual tax returns filed abroad (growing at 3.5% annual rate) 3 percent of U.S. Native-born Ph.D.s in science and engineering have initial foreign employment

32. 32 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics Resources: NSF Division of Science Resources Statistics: www.nsf.gov/statistics/ Science and Engineering Indicators 2008: www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/ Mark Regets 703-292-7813 mregets@nsf.gov markregets@scipolicy.com