1. How do children learn?

2. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) -Swiss psychologist -Hypothesized natural cognitive “growth spurts” at ~18 mo, 6 years, and 12 years of age. -Developed a stage theory Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational (2-6) Concrete operational (6-12) Formal operational (>12) -Cognitive constructionism (to explain learning within a stage) -Child forms a schema -Child exposed to experience that conflicts with schema -Child assimilates or accommodates

3. Cognitive constructionism Schema – a concept or framework for organizing information Cognitive dissonance – discomfort felt when holding two conflicting thoughts Assimilation – maintaining your schema; forcing new experience into the existing schema Accomodation – changing your schema to incorporate new experience

4. Cognitive constructivism Schema – gravity will pull the hammer down because it is heavy New experience – hammer balances –Causes cognitive dissonance Assimilate – “it’s an illusion”, “she used magnets”, “she’s a witch” Accommodate – if balanced properly, the hammer can be supported

5. According to Piaget Children are little scientists who develop cognitively by acquiring schemas about the world through discovery learning To what extent do you agree with this view?

6. Are there things a child needs to learn about the world that cannot simply be discovered?

7. Lev Vygotsky Russian psychologist, contemporary of Piaget but his work not published in English until much later (1970’s) Focused on the role of culture on cognitive development

8. Vygotsky’s Theory Cognitive development = active internalization of problem-solving processes as a result of interaction with others (“social constructivism”) –ie, learning is ACTIVE, SOCIAL, and CREATIVE (ASC, sound familiar?) Children learn how to think through their interactions with others Where Piaget saw the child as a scientist, Vygotsky saw the child as an apprentice

9. Zone of Proximal Development In one of your subjects/hobbies/interests, think of… –One thing you can do well on your own –One thing you can do if someone helps you –One thing you can’t do at all

10. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) The gap between what a child can do on their own and what a child can do with support The child will not be able to take the next step in their development unless they are supported in the ZPD This support is known as scaffolding and is seen as the main role of adults/teachers

11. Zone of Proximal Development Vygotsky’s view: “…what a child can do with assistance today she will be able to do by herself tomorrow.” (Vygotsky, 1978) Contrast with Piaget: “Every time we teach a child something, we keep him from inventing it himself. On the other hand, that which we allow him to discover for himself will remain with him visible for the rest of his life.” (Piaget, in Piers, 1972)