1. User Commands in Dyalog APL By Dan Baronet A programmer's tool - V1.03

2. Procedure This tutorial is divided into 4 areas: -Why UCMDs and introduction -Dyalog's UCMDs -implementation of the UCMD framework -Your UCMDs: how to write them

3. Why The idea is to provide a mechanism for accessing tools anywhere by -separating utilities from the common workspace -make them available at any time

4. History The concept of user commands (UCMDs) is not new. APL/PC had them in the 90s. Some IPSharp users had them (through S-Tasks) Their implementation was different but the idea was the same

5. User Commands A user command (UCMD) is similar to a system command like )LOAD or )WSID. It is a call to an independent routine written by a user, not a routine provided by the system. System commands start with a ), e.g. )SAVE User commands start with a ], e.g. ]WSLOC

6. User Commands - syntax Like their system commands counterpart, user commands may take arguments, e.g. )WSID [newname] And ]FNSLIKE [pattern] Like system commands they are not case sensitive.

7. User Commands - syntax Unlike system commands, in the actual implementation, they can also take modifiers, e.g. ]FNSLIKE [Pattern] –format Modifiers are preceded by a specific character (here -) Modifiers ARE case sensitive.

8. User Commands - syntax This is Dyalog's implementation. In fact, UCMDs could take any format WE decide what is acceptable

9. User Commands Dyalog comes pre-packaged with a set of user commands divided into groups. Groups exist for SALT, workspace utilities, code utilities, user commands management, etc.

10. User Commands For example the command ]SAVE, which saves an OBJECT (not a workspace), takes up to 2 arguments, saving the object named in the 1 st argument to, if present, the location named in the 2 nd argument. Ex: ]save myfn \my\location\myfn To bring the object back use the command ]LOAD: ]load my\location\myfn

11. User Commands - Help General help can be obtained with ]?? The list of all commands can be obtained with ]? And ]?+ Specific help for a command can be obtained with ]?cmdx Or more detailed help, if any, with ]??cmdx Or ]?\path\to\file\containing\a\user\cmd

12. User Commands available Dyalog comes pre-packaged with some already defined UCMDs They are divided into some 7 groups: -SALT -Spice (UCMD) -Svn -Sysmon -Tools -Transfer -wsutils

13. Group SALT These are the same as their SALT functions: -Saveobject[tolocation] -Loadlocation -Comparefile1[file2] -Settings[type[value]] -Explore[folder|file] -List[folder] -Snaptolocation -Removeversionsfile

14. Group Spice These are commands used to manage the User commands system: -Uloadcommand -UdebugON|OFF -Uclean -Unew -Ureset -Uversion -Umonitor

15. Group svn This group contains commands to mimic SubVersion's commands: -svnci: commit changes -Svnco: check out -Svnadd/delete: add/delete new files -Svnstatus/resolve -Svndiff: show changes to a file -Svnimport/export -Svnupdate: bring in most recent changes

16. Group SysMon This group is used to monitor the system: -APLMON: used to monitor expressions by primitive, ex: ]aplmon {+/1= ⍵∨⍳⍵ }¨ ⍳ 1000 –file=\tmp\data )LOAD APLMON InitMon '\tmp\data.csv' -CPUtime: used to find CPU used for expressions, ex: ]cputime {+/1= ⍵∨⍳⍵ }¨ ⍳ 1000 -Monitor: used to find lines consuming the most CPU

17. Group Transfer This group is used to move code in and out of ATF files with -in/out And move code in and out of "extended" files with code translation with -inx/outx

18. Groups Tools & WSutils These 2 groups contain various utilities e.g. to show a subset of names following a specific pattern or do function call analysis or search the workspace for strings of code/text: ]fnslike GUI* -date=>20090307 ]fncalls MainProgram -details -treeview ]wsloc \babc[ ∧ \w]← -pattern -recursive

19. UCMDs - implementation The code to run a UCMD is contained in a class or namespace in a SALT (text, Unicode)file. That file may be host to several UCMDs Command names are case insensitive, e.g. ‘find’ and ‘FIND’ call the same code Switches names are case sensitive UCMDs are grouped together, e.g. utilities can be grouped under the group ‘wsutils’ The class or namespace must contain at least 3 public functions: ‘List’, ‘Run’ and ‘Help’

20. UCMDs - implementation The ‘List’ function is used to gather basic info displayed when using ]?+ The ‘Help’ function is used to display more complete info when using ]?cmdx or ]??cmdx The ‘Run’ function is the one doing the work.

21. UCMDs - implementation The whole framework is based on 2 things: -SALT: used to read/write Unicode text files -Spice: used to implement the rules of UCMDs

22. UCMDs – an example Let’s assume we have a simple function we wish to call once in a while without having to copy/call/erase it each time: calendar 3 Mars S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

23. UCMDs – an example We need to create a class with the 3 basic functions, the function: :Class dates ⎕ IO←1 ⋄ ⎕ ML←1 ∇ r←List :Access Shared Public r← ⎕ NS ⍬ ⍝ Name, group, short description and parsing rules r.Name← 'cal' r.Group←'dates' r.Desc← 'returns the calendar for a given month' r.Parse←'' ∇

24. UCMDs – an example The HELP function: ∇ r←Help dummy :Access Shared Public r←'Enter a month as argument' ∇

25. UCMDs – an example The RUN function: ∇ r←Run(a1 a2) :Access Shared Public 'calendar' ⎕ CY 'myutils' r←calendar ⍎ a2 ∇ :endclass

26. UCMDs – an example Because each class may contain more than one UCMD the HELP and RUN functions should really account for that.

27. UCMDs – an example HELP function for more than one command: ∇ r←Help Cmd :Access Shared Public :Select Cmd :Case 'cal' r← 'Enter a month as argument' :Case 'other' … :EndSelect ∇

28. UCMDs – an example The RUN function for more than one command: ∇ r←Run(Cmd Args) :Access Shared Public :Select Cmd :Case 'cal' 'calendar' ⎕ CY 'myutils' r←calendar ⍎ Arguments :Case 'other' … :EndSelect ∇

29. UCMDs – Parsing If automatic parsing of the arguments is desired the system will look at the line given as argument, split the tokens on spaces and put the resulting vector of text vectors in variable 'Arguments' in a namespace. That namespace will be given as the 2 nd argument to the function. To request parsing simply put in 'Parse' (in function ) the rules to follow, e.g. '3' to ensure 3 arguments. If no parsing is desired simply leave 'Parse' empty.

30. UCMDs – Parsing If we wish the system to check the number of arguments (here 1) for us we tell it in : ∇ r←List :Access Shared Public r← ⎕ NS¨1 ⍴⊂⍬ ⍝ Name, group, short description and parsing rules r.Name← ⊂ 'cal' r.Group← ⊂ 'dates' r.Desc← ⊂ 'returns the calendar for a given month' r.Parse← '1' ∇ In that case the 2 nd argument in will contain a namespace:

31. UCMDs – Parsing ∇ r←Run(Cmd a2) :Access Shared Public :Select Cmd :Case 'cal' 'calendar' ⎕ CY 'myutils' r←calendar ⍎ 1 ⊃ a2.Arguments :EndSelect ∇ Function can also/should be defined in the class.

32. UCMDs – an example ]cal 3 Mars S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

33. UCMDs – an example If Parsing is enabled, entering the wrong number of arguments will be refused: ]cal Command Execution Failed: too few arguments ]cal 2 3 Command Execution Failed: too many arguments

34. UCMDs location The location of user commands is preset to Dyalog's folder SALT\Spice under APL's location, e.g. C:\program files\Dyalog\V121\SALT\Spice

35. UCMDs location The location of UCMDs is one of SALT's settings. To know what they are: []SE.SALT.Settings 'cmddir' Or, as a UCMD: ]settings cmddir

36. UCMDs location You can reset it too. It follows the same rule as SALT's workdir setting, i.e. it is a series of paths separated by semicolons, e.g. \my\own\path ; C:\program files\Dyalog\V121\SALT\Spice For example, to add "\my\own\path" to the existing path: (note the comma) ]settings cmddir,\my\own\path

37. UCMDs location You can set them manually or in Options/Configure…

38. UCMDs location

39. Some commands are always there: Spice's and SALT's Doing (note NO comma) ]settings cmddir \my\own\path Will keep Spice and SALT's commands even though they have not been specified.

40. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Debugging code ]udebug ON|OFF When debugging is OFF errors are reported in the calling environment: Command Execution Failed: DOMAIN ERROR When debugging is ON errors are reported in the class: DOMAIN ERROR calendar[4] r←n÷month ∧

41. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Switches Those can be specified in the Parse variable: They come in different forms: -Without a value: /sw -With a value: /sw= -Maybe with a value: /sw[=] The specification for each includes the switch delimiter (here /)

42. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Switches A set of possible values may be specified, e.g. /animal=cat monkey giraffe A set of possible characters can also be specified: /vowel ∊ aeiou Or /vowel [ ∊ ] aeiou If the switch can be specified without a value

43. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Switches – Examples 1. Switch time takes a value, switch PM does not, switch delimiter is /: Parse ← '/time= /PM' 2. Switch Prime may accept values 2, 3, 5 and 7, switch Octal accepts values made out of '01234567', delimiter is +: Parse ←'+Prime[=]2 3 5 7 +Octal ∊ 01234567'

44. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Switches – Examples Switches and number of arguments are specified together. A command accepting 2 arguments and a switch offset with a value would be specified as: Parse ←'2 -offset='

45. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Arguments Arguments are delimited by spaces. If an argument must contain spaces, or the switch delimiter character or a quote, it should be surrounded by quotes. For example, if the switch delimiter is /, the following call will contain 4 arguments: ]mycmd 'arg 1' '2001/4/5' OK "I'm" /lights=on

46. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Long Arguments If a command accepts N arguments and the last argument may contain spaces then it may be unnecessary to quote the last argument simply by stating the command as "long". For ex, if command addrec accepts 3 arguments it could accept ]addrec Joe Blow 42 main str With Parse ←'3L' The arguments will be 'Joe' 'Blow' '42 main str'

47. UCMDs – Advanced Topics Short Arguments If a command accepts a maximum of N arguments it can be specified as "short". For ex, With Parse ←'3S' Any number of argument less than or equal to 3 will be accepted.

48. UCMDs – Exercices 1.Write a UCMD to display the time, formatted 2.Write a UCMD to display the time in another city

49. ]END