1. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 to
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, both at University of Manchester, UK “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”.
Andre Geim
Born: 1958, Sochi, Russia
Konstantin Novoselov
Born: 1974, Nizhny Tagil, Russia
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

2. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
The Key Paper
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

3. Diamond

4. Mechanical exfoliation
0.142 nm
0.123 nm A B
Mechanical exfoliation
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

5. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
HALL BAR
Fabricate
Isolate
Identify
Attach electrodes
Electric characterization
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

6. Single layers, AFM-pictures
2nm
0nm
0.5nm
Novoselov, Geim et al., Science 306 (2004) 666
Geim och Novoselov, Science (2004)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

7. Electronic structure of graphene
It was realized early on that the E-k relation is linear for low energies near the six corners of the two-dimensional hexagonal Brillouin zone, leading to zero effective massfor electrons and holes.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

8. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Anomalous quantum Hall effect
Klaus von Kitzling, 1985
Ordinary integer QHE
Graphene: half integer QHE
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

10. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Klein tunnelling 1D 2D
Katsnelson, Novoselov and Geim,
Nature Physics 2006
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Young and Kim, Nature Physics 2009

11. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Breaking strength 42 N/m ->100 times stronger than the strongest steel
A 1 m2 hammock would weigh mg ≈ a whisker
and would be strong enough to carrty a 4 kg cat
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Lee et al., Science 321 (2008) 385

12. Transparent conductor
Transparent and colorless
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Nair et al., Science 320 (2008) 1308

13. GRAPHENE First true 2D material, even at room temperature
Linear dispersion relation E= c p = c hk, Massless excitations
Light mg/m2
Ultra strong 45N/m, >100 times stronger than steel
Stretchable up to 20%
Elektron mobility cm2/Vs (teor.)
Conductivity Better than copper (teor.)
Optically transparent: absorbs only 2.3% =pa
Thermal conductivity: conducts heat 10 times better than Ag at RT
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

14. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Future applications
Transparent conductor Touch Screens, Solar Cells, light panels
May replace Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
Elektronics Flexible elektronics
High speed transistors, IBM
Strong material Composite material with graphene
Airplanes, cars, satellites
Sensors Gas sensors, …
Metrologiy Resistance standard with QHE,
alreadt as good as GaAs
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

15. Large surfaces and touch screens
Keun Soo Kim, et al., Nature 457, 706 (2009).
X. Li, et al., Science 324, 1312 (2009).
Samsung
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

16. Density of charge carriers as a function of the concentration
Conductance as a function of the concentration
Time dependence for exposure to different gases
Shedin et al. Nature materials 6 (2007) 652
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

17. Superfast transistors
” month’s news”
16 September 2010, Nature: 323 GHz
5 Feb 2010, Science: 100GHz
L. Liao, et al., Nature, 467 (2010) 305
Y.-M. Lin, et al.,
Science 327, 662 (2010)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

18. DNA Translocation through Graphene
Nanopores—nanosized holes that can transport ions and molecules—are very promising devices for genomic screening, in particular DNA sequencing. Solid-state nanopores currently suffer from the drawback, however, that the channel constituting the pore is long, 100 times the distance between two bases in a DNA molecule (0.5 nm for single-stranded DNA). This paper provides proof of concept that it is possible to realize and use ultrathin nanopores fabricated in graphene monolayers for single-molecule DNA translocation. The pores are obtained by placing a graphene flake over a microsize hole in a silicon nitride membrane and drilling a nanosize hole in the graphene using an electron beam. As individual DNA molecules translocate through the pore, characteristic temporary conductance changes are observed in the ionic current through the nanopore, setting the stage for future single-molecule genomic screening devices.
DNA Translocation through Graphene
Nanopores
G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July
DNA sequencing
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

19. Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane
S. Garaj, et al., Nature, Sept
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

20. Sekvensering av DNA G. F. Schneider, et al. Nano Lett., July 7 2010
S. Garaj, et al.,
Nature, Sept

21. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Hagan Bayley, Nature 467, 9 Sept. 2010
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010