1. Wednesday, January 27 th Bell Work: Please find your assigned seat and take out any notes you have from Ch. 5 (set them aside). Next, take out your phone or electronic device and go to www.kahoot.it. Choose an appropriate nickname and I will display the game pin in a moment. If you do not have an electronic device or cannot connect, please partner up with a neighbor. www.kahoot.it

2. Daily Agenda: Bell Work: Kahoot! Review Bell Work: Kahoot! Review WOD  dialogue WOD  dialogue Lecture: Eastern Classical Civilizations Lecture: Eastern Classical Civilizations Summarizer: Review Quiz Summarizer: Review Quiz Essential Question: How did Eastern Empires differ from Mediterranean Empires during the Classical era? Homework: Review for Unit 1 and 2 Test (Friday)

3. (Read Aloud) Wednesday, January 28 th, Block 1 Ever wondered what it would be like to speak a foreign language fluently? Sure, flashcards can teach you vocabulary, and courses can even instruct you on proper conjugation, but for many foreign language speakers, language programs featuring dialogue are most successful. After all, the purpose of speech is for communication between people, not merely the ability to read text. Ever wondered what it would be like to speak a foreign language fluently? Sure, flashcards can teach you vocabulary, and courses can even instruct you on proper conjugation, but for many foreign language speakers, language programs featuring dialogue are most successful. After all, the purpose of speech is for communication between people, not merely the ability to read text. dialogue – speech between two or more people; a conversational passage in a play or narrative (dia “between” + log “speech”) Click on either image to watch a brief dialogue illustrating the frustrations of speaking a foreign language [pronunciation]

4. Ch. 5 Review Eastern Empires of the Classical Era

5. Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-483 BCE Born the son of a Kshatriya chief Born the son of a Kshatriya chief At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle in search of Nirvana (Enlightenment) At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle in search of Nirvana (Enlightenment) Known as Buddha “The Enlightened One” Known as Buddha “The Enlightened One”

6. The Four Noble Truths 1. All human life is suffering 1. All human life is suffering 2. All suffering is caused by desire 2. All suffering is caused by desire 3. End suffering by ending desire 3. End suffering by ending desire 4. End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. 4. End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

7. Buddhist Practices Selflessness Selflessness Disapproval of violence, meat eating, animal sacrifice, and war Disapproval of violence, meat eating, animal sacrifice, and war Four Cardinal Virtues: friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity Four Cardinal Virtues: friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity

8. Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or “Universal Soul” Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or “Universal Soul” Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste system Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste system Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal chance to achieve Nirvana (can become monks as well) Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal chance to achieve Nirvana (can become monks as well)

9. Two Types of Buddhism Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather than religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced primarily in Sri Lanka Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather than religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced primarily in Sri Lanka Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Buddha became a god, good and devout people can become bhoddisatvas: potential future Buddhas. Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Buddha became a god, good and devout people can become bhoddisatvas: potential future Buddhas.

11. Mahayana Buddhism spread through India to China, East Asia Mahayana Buddhism spread through India to China, East Asia Emphasis on repetition of prayers and devotions: prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing. Emphasis on repetition of prayers and devotions: prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing.

15. Ashoka 272-232 BCE Last of the great Mauryan Emperors Last of the great Mauryan Emperors Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted to Buddhism After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted to Buddhism

16. Ashoka’s India Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfare Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfare State would rule by right or law, not might State would rule by right or law, not might Religious toleration Religious toleration Better treatment of women and lower castes Better treatment of women and lower castes Encouaged Buddhist expansion throughout India and Asia Encouaged Buddhist expansion throughout India and Asia

17. Asoka’s law code  Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.  Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.  10 rock edicts.  Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.  Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

18. One of Asoka’s Stupas Stupas

19. During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined

20. Reasons for India’s Religious Shift After Ashoka Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India

21. Summarizer: Imagine you are the newly crowned king of a small kingdom in Southeast Asia. You would like to unite the people of your kingdom under your rule, but sense that they are skeptical about your authority. An advisor recommends using a belief system as a unifying force. Your job now, is to select the best system. Write a short speech to your people explaining which belief system you would choose and explain your reasoning to the people of your kingdom Imagine you are the newly crowned king of a small kingdom in Southeast Asia. You would like to unite the people of your kingdom under your rule, but sense that they are skeptical about your authority. An advisor recommends using a belief system as a unifying force. Your job now, is to select the best system. Write a short speech to your people explaining which belief system you would choose and explain your reasoning to the people of your kingdom

22. Qin Dynasty China 256-206 BCE Shi Huangdi became “First Emperor” Shi Huangdi became “First Emperor” Conquered most of northern China by 221 BCE Conquered most of northern China by 221 BCE

23. Qin Developments Centralized government under Legalist principles Centralized government under Legalist principles Standardized weights and measures Standardized weights and measures Public works and building programs Public works and building programs Great Wall constructed to prevent invasions by Hsiung-nu Great Wall constructed to prevent invasions by Hsiung-nu

24. The Great Wall

25. Qin Cavalryman and horse

26. Bronze Chariot and Horses of Shi Huangdi

27. Tomb of Shi Huangdi

28. Diagram showing tomb as originally constructed

29. Fall of the Qin Dynasty “Ruthless efficiency” led to harsh, Legalistic rule (book burnings, murder of educated elites, conscription, etc.) “Ruthless efficiency” led to harsh, Legalistic rule (book burnings, murder of educated elites, conscription, etc.) Peasant Revolts over heavy taxation, forced labor Peasant Revolts over heavy taxation, forced labor Qin collapsed in 206 BC, four years after the death of the First Emperor Qin collapsed in 206 BC, four years after the death of the First Emperor

30. Establishment of Han Dynasty 202 BCE - 220 CE Liu Bang - leads peasant revolts after death of Shi Huangdi Liu Bang - leads peasant revolts after death of Shi Huangdi 202 BCE - Liu Bang has eliminated almost all of his competition through military might and diplomacy 202 BCE - Liu Bang has eliminated almost all of his competition through military might and diplomacy

32. Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE The Classical Period in Chinese history The Classical Period in Chinese history Legalism replaced by Confucianism Legalism replaced by Confucianism “Shi-Bureaucrats” ran centralized government “Shi-Bureaucrats” ran centralized government Standardization of coinage, weights and measures Standardization of coinage, weights and measures

33. Han Wudi 141-85 BCE Greatest and most powerful Han Emperor Greatest and most powerful Han Emperor Defeated Hsiung-nu Defeated Hsiung-nu Expanded Chinese territory Expanded Chinese territory Increased Chinese influence in Central Asia Increased Chinese influence in Central Asia Helped lead to establishment of the Silk Road Helped lead to establishment of the Silk Road

34. Han Society Some lower classes allowed into bureaucracy Some lower classes allowed into bureaucracy Strict emphasis on family relationships Strict emphasis on family relationships Women Women Patriarchal Patriarchal Some could gain influence through male relatives Some could gain influence through male relatives Three main groups: Three main groups: Landowners & educated bureaucrats Landowners & educated bureaucrats Peasants and Artisans Peasants and Artisans “Mean People” - merchants, actors, musicians “Mean People” - merchants, actors, musicians

35. Han Politics/Government Centralized administration, with less brutality than Qin dynasty Centralized administration, with less brutality than Qin dynasty Improved bureaucracy Improved bureaucracy Attacked warlords/regional princes Attacked warlords/regional princes Focused less on military buildup Focused less on military buildup Emphasized Confucianism - education for bureaucrats Emphasized Confucianism - education for bureaucrats Wu Ti - most famous emperor (140-87 BCE) Wu Ti - most famous emperor (140-87 BCE) Brought peace to much of Asia Brought peace to much of Asia Expanded territory Expanded territory Civil Service Examination Civil Service Examination

36. Han Interactions Expansion into Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia Expansion into Korea, Vietnam and Central Asia Expanded contact/trade with India and Persian empires Expanded contact/trade with India and Persian empires Later with Roman Empire Later with Roman Empire

37. Han Culture Treated Confucianism as religion-shrines constructed Treated Confucianism as religion-shrines constructed Gov’t promoted philosophy Gov’t promoted philosophy Continued construction of Great Wall Continued construction of Great Wall Innovations - Seismograph, anatomical research, hygiene Innovations - Seismograph, anatomical research, hygiene Animal collars Animal collars Pulleys and gears Pulleys and gears Increased production of textiles Increased production of textiles Water-power mills Water-power mills Paper Paper

38. Han Economy Taxes lower than Qin, but get higher as dynasty progresses Taxes lower than Qin, but get higher as dynasty progresses Copper coins Copper coins Required people to work on gov’t projects Required people to work on gov’t projects Gov’t influenced and controlled parts of economy Gov’t influenced and controlled parts of economy Iron and Salt production Iron and Salt production Weights and Measures Weights and Measures Trade - silk, jewelry, leather goods, agricultural goods Trade - silk, jewelry, leather goods, agricultural goods Public works programs - canal systems Public works programs - canal systems Store surplus of rice and grain Store surplus of rice and grain

39. Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 BCE Conquered Northern India, Indus Valley Conquered Northern India, Indus Valley Established Mauryan Dynasty Established Mauryan Dynasty

40. During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined

41. Reasons for India’s Religious Shift After Ashoka Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India

42. Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India  Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.  He was following the path of the Buddha.  He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

43. India Under The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 CE Hinduism dominant Hinduism dominant Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley Economic expansion due to Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade Economic expansion due to Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade Cultural Flowering Cultural Flowering Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia

46. International Trade Routes during the Guptas

47. Extensive Trade: 4c Extensive Trade: 4c spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks

48. Gupta Art Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

49. Medicine Literature Mathematics Astronomy Printed medicinal guides 1000 diseases classified Plastic Surgery C-sections performed Inoculations 500 healing plants identified Decimal System Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Kalidasa Solar Calendar The earth is round Gupta India Gupta Achievements

50. Kalidasa, Gupta India’s greatest writer Greatest of India’s Sanskrit Writers Greatest of India’s Sanskrit Writers Famous for 3 plays and 2 Epic Poems Famous for 3 plays and 2 Epic Poems

51. Mauryan and Gupta Similarities “Theater-State” System: Reign down riches on those areas most loyal “Theater-State” System: Reign down riches on those areas most loyal 25% Agricultural Tax to finance govt. 25% Agricultural Tax to finance govt. Government monopolies over key industries (ship building, iron metallurgy, armaments, etc.) Government monopolies over key industries (ship building, iron metallurgy, armaments, etc.) Both dynasties fade off into decentralized states (though not a decline in India) Both dynasties fade off into decentralized states (though not a decline in India)