1. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CREATING A NATION AND A SOCIETY Seventh Edition Chapter The Realities of Rural America 15

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Realities of Rural America Modernizing Agriculture The West Resolving the Native American Question The New South Farm Protest Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Modernizing Agriculture

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Modernizing Agriculture Most farms still small family farms Bonanza wheat farms  Northern plains  Large-scale  Machinery, hundreds of workers,managers Farmers losing their dominance  1860 – 60% of labor force  1900 – less than 37%

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana A Vision of the Lackawanna Valley

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture and the World Europe industrializing  Demand for food supplies Farming methods  German experimentation  Land-grant colleges – Morill Act Transportation improvements

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture and the World (cont'd) Farms increasingly tied to larger economies  Europeans ban American pork imports, 1870s  Wheat prices fall when other countries compete

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana American Agriculture Machinery brings indebtedness Large crops sometimes bring gluts  Prices fall  Farmers sometimes then increase production

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The West

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner  Claimed the end of the frontier  Saw the American experience as unique  Gave a special place to frontier farmers Yet frontier had been avoided by farmers

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Cattleman’s West, 1860-1890 Cattle raising from earliest Spanish settlements Railroads transform cattle raising Huge cattle ranches, 1870s-1889s  Pay well Arrival of farmers changes things

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Cattleman’s West, 1860-1890 (cont'd) Other factors  Over production  Poor weather, 1886

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farmers on the Great Plains Railroad promote the west Settlement boom, 1879-1890  Most from Illinois, Iowa, Missouri  Family groups Homestead Act  160 acres, five years  But less desirable land

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farmers on the Great Plains (cont'd) Better land from railroads or land companies

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Domestic Work in the West

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana 1880s-1890s Barbed wire, binders, steel windmills Boom ends around 1890  By 1900, two-thirds of homestead farms failed Long-term ecological impact

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Natural Environment of the West

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Cornucopia on the Pacific Farming  Monopolized by large farms  1,000 acres and more the norm  Dependent on water  Fruits at first not profitable  Refrigerated cars made it possible

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Mining West Rapid growth spurred by mining Marked by boom and bust Not individual miners, but large companies Difficulties of mining radicalizes many miners

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Natural Resources Wood required in huge quantities Streams disturbed Timber and Stone Act  Land purchased through dummy owners  Public domain land to corporate lands Early naturalists, such as John Muir  Yosemite National Park  Sierra Club

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Natural Resources (cont'd) Gifford Pinchot  Management, not preservation

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question High mortality among Indians in California  90% from1850-1880 Plains Indians  Way of life disrupted by migration of Gold Rush  Indian involvement in Civil War punished

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Resolving the Native American Question (cont'd) Sand Creek Massacre begins period of warfare Worsened by transcontinental railroad

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Tribal View Broken promises of protection, lands Destruction of buffalo Dawes Act, 1887  Attempt to cut tribal bonds  Land for leaving tribes

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Native Americans, 1850–1896

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Ghost Dance Wovoka  Promise of greater strength, survival  No threat, but perceived as one Wounded Knee Creek, 1890  Slaughter by American Army

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Harper’s Weekly

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Two Runaways

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South  Push for new economic direction  Opportunity for northern capitalists Birmingham, Memphis, Augusta  Industrialization But still dependent on the North  Few southern corporations  Per capita income lower than elsewhere

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The New South (cont'd) Cotton makes economy subject to other markets  Decline in cotton prices in late 1800s  Credit purchases bring indebtedness  Inability to change direction

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Nadir of Black Life Conditions worsen as the century progresses Abandoned by Republican party, courts Civil rights laws not upheld Southern state constitutions disenfranchise blacks  Grandfather clauses, white primaries, poll taxes, literacy tests

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Nadir of Black Life (cont'd) Segregation  “Jim Crow” laws  Plessy v. Ferguson Lynchings

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Lynching

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Diverging Black Responses Separatism  T. Thomas Fortune, Afro-American League  Lobbying to make Oklahoma all-black International Migration Society – Liberia W.E.B. Du Bois  The Souls of Black Folk, 1903

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Diverging Black Responses (cont'd) Many follow Booker T. Washington  “Atlanta Compromise”, 1895  Countered by Du Bois

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farm Protest

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Grange The Order of the Patrons of Husbandry  The National Grange  Cooperatives  Worked against railroad rate structures Achievements  “Granger laws” setting rate ceilings  Railroad commissions

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Grange (cont'd) Interstate Commerce Act, 1887  Goal: regulation of railroads  Interstate Commerce Commission

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Southern Farmers’ Alliance Grange declines in 1870s Southern Farmers’ Alliance  Lectures, large organization  Broad agenda Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 1888

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana The Southern Farmers’ Alliance (cont'd) The Ocala Platform, 1890  Attacked both parties  Direct election of members of Congress  Graduated income tax  Regulation of transportation, communication

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Farm Protest: The People’s Party Populist Party formed, 1892 Omaha demands  Direct democracy  Labor reform  Graduated income tax  Silver coinage Election of 1892  Weaver carries 4 states – 22 electoral votes

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Conclusion: Farming in the Industrial Age Extension of farming  Disastrous for Native Americans  Sense of accomplishment for white settlers Use of collective action  New groups in political forums Dislocations  Many move to cities

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, Seventh Edition Nash Jeffrey Howe Winkler Davis Mires Frederick Gardina Pestana Timeline