1. Intro to Metabolism Wrap-up Answer these questions in your notes – you should discuss with your colleagues! 1. Why do we say that ATP “couples” reactions? 2. What are enzymes, and how do they affect chemical reactions? 3. What type of biological molecule are enzymes, and what are the levels of their structure? 4. What factors (environmental and otherwise) affect the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions? (there are SEVERAL!) 5. Why would boiling an enzyme probably destroy its activity?

2. Agenda and Business Intro to Metabolism Recap Big Picture – Energy Production and Storage Connection – Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Big Picture – Cellular Respiration Enzyme Lab due Friday – does not NEED to be typed but you can if you want (you already should have title, purpose, materials, procedures, and data tables – you need to include graphs for part I and part II and a conclusion about why the rate decreases over time [remember toothpickase???] and a conclusion/analysis about pH and enzyme activity [what was the optimal pH? What would you guess about the pH of the environment the turnips usually grow in?)

3. The energy timeline Cellular cash  Doesn’t last long… quickly hydrolyzed Checking account  More stable, can convert to “cash” easily Savings account  More stable yet, must be broken down before it can be converted to “cash” Retirement fund  Most stable, longest term energy storage Energy Production and Storage

4. Connection: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis What can you say about the reactants and products of each reaction? What about the energy of each reaction?

5. Big Picture: Cellular Respiration What is the whole point of cellular respiration?

6. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

7. Jammin’ to ATP Glucose, Glucose Oxidative Phosphorylation Check out www.science-groove.org/

8. Glucose, Glucose Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You are my favorite fuel | From the blood-borne substrate pool. | Glucose -- monosaccharide sugar -- | You're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles take you in. | (For you, they'll open the door.) | All it takes is a little bit of insulin | (To upregulate GLUT4). | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You help me make ATP | When my predators are chasing me. | Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, | And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down. | (My glycogen is almost gone.) | A few more seconds and I'll be rigor mortis-bound. | (Acidosis done me wrong.) | Your sweet is turning sour, baby. | I'm losing all my power, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Now I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | I used you up and you left me flat; | Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat. | Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar, | The honeymoon is over now.

9. Enzyme Quiz

10. Recap 1. What is an autotroph? 2. What is a heterotroph? 3. What do all food chains start with? 4. What do glucose, glycogen, and starch have in common? 5. Why do we eat and breathe? (don’t you dare say “to live”)

11. Endosymbiosis and Energy Recap What does endosymbiosis have to do with energy? Why did mitochondria evolve when they did?

12. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy YOU MUST KNOW The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration. The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle. How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.

13. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy ENERGY AND METABOLISM RECAP  Where does energy come from? o Autotrophs – o Heterotrophs –

14. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy  How do organisms store energy in the short term and long term? o ATP – o Glucose – o Glycogen – o Starch –

15. ATP (ya you know me…) Where are the high energy bonds? Where do we get the energy to make those bonds?

16. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy  Cellular Respiration o What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? o What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic processes? o What is energy coupling, and how does ATP play a role in it?

17. How do we get something to explode? Light it on fire!!! Blow it up!!! YA!! But what’s happening chemically? What gas has to be present in order for something to blow up?

18. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose At the atomic level, oxidation deals with transferring electrons… When you “oxidize” something, it loses electrons Since the electrons carry energy, the energy is transferred

19. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose So what happens to the substance that lost the electrons? Since it gains the electrons (and gets more negative) we say it gets “reduced” Oxidation-Reduction reactions are abbreviated “Redox”

20. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose How can you remember which gains and which loses? OIL RIG  Oxidation Is Loss  Reduction Is Gain

21. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose Let’s Model REDOX!!!  REMEMBER OIL RIG!! The orange balls represent electrons What happens when you LOSE an electron? What happens when you GAIN an electron? How can we pass the energy across the room without any of us moving??

22. Cellular Respiration is the oxidation or EXPLOSION of glucose This is how energy gets transferred in cellular respiration!! Oxygen has a pretty high electron affinity, so it’s at the end of the chain So why do we need oxygen???

24. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION – BIG PICTURE Who: which organisms do cellular respiration? What: what are the general inputs and outputs of the process? When: when did it evolve? When does it occur? Where: where in the cell does it occur? Why: why is it so important?

25. An Overview of Cellular Respiration

26. Details of ATP Synthase

27. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy HARVESTING ENERGY BY EXTRACTING ELECTRONS  Energy based on electrons and their energy levels!! o The more excited an electron is, the higher its energy level!  Electrons transferred = maintain energy if stays in same energy level  Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons (REDOX) o Remember: OIL RIG  Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons)  Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)  partial redox!?- based on electron affinity (or the tendency of an atom to gain electrons) o move from less electronegative molecule to a more electronegative molecule and drop in energy level (slowly becoming oxidized from C-H bonds to “O bonds”)  NAD + (a coenzyme, by the way) o NAD + + 1e - + 1H = NADH o NADH will carry (or transfer!) these e - and p + to the e - transport chain (ETC)

28. Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Using what we know…  We know cellular respiration makes ATP  We know it uses oxygen  We’ll start from the end and work backwards…

29. Mitochondria

31. Let’s Model the ETC!! 3 volunteers to be NAD+ 1 volunteer to be FAD 3 volunteers to be the ETC pumps 3 volunteers to hold the protons in the cristae 1 volunteer to be ATP Synthase 2 volunteers to be oxygen 2 volunteers to ADP 2 volunteers to be phosphate And… PHOSPHOLIPIDS!

32. Turn in lab/lab notebook to back counter – if you don’t have it today, turn it in late on Monday Take out your notes, diagrams, etc for CR

33. Video: Cellular Respiration

34. Starting from the Finish…

35. Cellular Respiration ATP Synthase is like a motor – as it turns, it attaches a phosphate to ADP to make ATP How does it turn? (hint: how does a wind mill or a water mill turn?...)  Hydrogen ions (or H+) flow through ATP Synthase, turning it! How do the hydrogen ions get into the cristae?... H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

36. Cellular Respiration REDOX!! OIL RIG  Electrons are lost by one substance and gained by another Just like we passed the electrons in class, electrons are passed down the electron transport chain But the electrons don’t travel alone… they travel with a proton… H + The electron is accepted by the ETC and the proton (H + ) goes into the cristae H + +e- H + +e- H + +e-

37. Cellular Respiration Each oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) forming water (a product of cellular respiration!!) The buildup of the H+ inside the cristae can now flow through ATP synthase, bonding a P to the ADP Since this phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP uses oxygen, we call it oxidative phoshporylation So where do the electrons and protons come from?? H+H+ e- H+H+ H+H+ O + 2 e - + 2 H +  H 2 0 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

38. Cellular Respiration NADH and FADH 2 are the proton/electron carriers!! When “unenergized” they exist as NAD+ and FAD NAD+ picks up one electron and proton and carries it to the ETC FAD picks up two electrons and protons and carries them to the ETC So where do the FADH 2 and NADH get their protons and electrons?... e- + H +

39. Cellular Respiration NADH and FADH 2 are the proton/electron carriers!! When “unenergized” they exist as NAD+ and FAD NAD+ picks up one electron and proton and carries it to the ETC FAD picks up two electrons and protons and carries them to the ETC So where do the FADH 2 and NADH get their protons and electrons?... e- + H +

40. Let’s start with glucose…

41. Recap Pyruvate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C Glucose 6 C 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- ETC 2 ATP 4 ATP CO2CO2 NAD+ NADH + e-ETC CoenzymeA AcetylCoA (Acetyl = 2 C) NAD+ NADH + e- FAD FADH 2 + e- 2 CO 2 ATP NADH + e- Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate NADH + e- Net: 2 ATP Glycolysis Where do the NADH and FAD 2 go???

42. H+H+ e- H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H + +e- H + +e- H + + e- ADP + P ATP NADH + e- FADH 2 + e- NAD+ FADH Back for more H+ and e-!!! O + 2 e - + 2 H +  H 2 0 Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen? Proton Gradient = concentration of H+ higher inside membrane than outside Chemiosmosis  flow of ions across membrane

43. Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle ETC Which part of cellular respiration requires oxygen? What do we call the process of making ATP from this step? What do we call the process of making ATP without oxygen? In which part does this type of ATP formation happen?

44. Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle ETC So which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? How much ATP can we get without oxygen?

45. When there’s no oxygen… Which steps can we do without oxygen? Which steps can’t we do? So… how much ATP can we get with fermentation?

46. Pyruvate 3 C Pyruvate 3 C Glucose 6 C 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + e- 2 ATP 4 ATP Pyruvate 3 C When there’s no oxygen… Net: 2 ATP ETC? NO! Because the ETC requires oxygen to accept the electrons from NADH and FADH 2 … Fermentation  NADH and FADH2 donate to alcohol in alcoholic fermentation (yeast  bread, beer)  NADH and FADH2 donate to lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation (skeletal muscles… BURN!!!)

47. Regulation of Cellular Respiration Do we always need the same amount of ATP? When might we need more or less? What substances regulate the rates of reactions? (hint: they’re proteins…) How do we regulate the action of enzymes?

48. Did-you-get-it Quiz 1. Which process or processes do you think the “original anaerobic bacteria” used? A. Glycolysis B. Cellular respiration C. Photosynthesis 2. Where specifically do the following take place? Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle ETC 3. What are the roles of the following molecules in cellular respiration? Glucose NADH O 2 ATP Synthase

49. Recap – Key Terms and Ideas What drives the formation of ATP? Where do the electrons for the ETC come from? Where do the proton pumps (proteins that… pump… protons) get the energy to pump protons from? Why is the inner membrane folded?

50. Manipulatives You have yellow, orange, and blue papers with the reactants, products, and processes for cellular respiration With your partner, match the processes with their titles and products and put them in the order they occur in cellular respriation

51. Glycolysis Glucose hydrolyzed into two pyruvate molecules 2 net ATP, NADH Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvate loses CO 2 ; remaining 2 C molecule bonds with Coenzyme A (CoA); electrons and H sequestered by NADH 2 x NADH Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO 2 molecules; electrons and H sequestered by NADH and FADH 2 2 x (3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 ), 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH 2 Redox passage of electrons due to difference in electron affinity Electron Transport Chain Oxygen reduced by electrons from inner membrane proteins; binds with 2 protons and released as waste H 2 O Reduction of oxygen Chemiosmosis Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton gradient drives formation of ATP HUGE production of ATP

52. Warm-up 1. Where does photosynthesis take place? 2. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 3. What are the products of photosynthesis? 4. Why is photosynthesis evolutionarily a good thing? 5. Do anabolic reactions require energy or release energy?

53. Agenda Warm-up Science magic trick? What you didn’t know you already knew about photosynthesis… The Nitty Gritty

54. Warm-up 1. Where does photosynthesis take place? 2. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 3. What are the products of photosynthesis? 4. Why is photosynthesis evolutionarily a good thing? 5. Do anabolic reactions require energy or release energy?

55. Science Magic Trick Why do the chloroplasts glow?! It’s all about the electrons

56. Science Magic Trick

59. Photosynthesis: what you didn’t know you already knew… What looks familiar in this diagram of photosynthesis? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

60. Photosynthesis: what you didn’t know you already knew… What’s the main purpose of photosynthesis? What do we need to make glucose?  CHO Where will we get them?  Electrons (the things chemical bonds are made of…) Where will we get them?  Energy (remember: we’re building something [anabolic] which requires energy) Where will we get them?

61. Where does photosynthesis happen?

73. Summarize Using the diagrams, notes, and your brains, summarize the steps of photosynthesis Be sure to include these in your summary: H 2 O, O 2, Rubisco, CO2, thylakoid