1. Pharmacokinetics of Drug Absorption Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya. E-Mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/02/221 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

2. CONTENTS 1.One compartment open model, Oral route. 2.Determination of absorption rate constant (Plasma data, Urine data). 3.Extravascular multiple dose administration. 2014/02/222 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

3. One compartment open model, Oral route Although this chapter will focus primarily on oral dosing. In pharmacokinetics, the overall rate of drug absorption may be described as either a first-order or zero-order input process. Most pharmacokinetic models assume first-order absorption unless an assumption of zero-order absorption improves the model significantly or has been verified experimentally 2014/02/223 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

4. Drug absorption Zero order process can be defined as the one whose rate is independent of concentration of drug undergoing reaction that is the rate of reaction cannot be increased by further increase in concentration of reactants. First Order process is the one whose rate is directly proportional to concentration of the drug undergoing reaction that is greater the concentration faster the reaction. 2014/02/224 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

5. Zero-order absorption model One-compartment pharmacokinetic model for zero-order drug absorption and first-order drug elimination. 2014/02/225 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

6. Zero-order absorption model Zero-order drug absorption from the dosing site into the plasma usually occurs when either the drug is absorbed by a saturable process or a zero-order controlled-release delivery system is used. The pharmacokinetic model assuming zero-order absorption is described in this model, drug in the gastrointestinal tract, D GI, is absorbed systemically at a constant rate, k 0. Drug is simultaneously and immediately eliminated from the body by a first-order rate process defined by a first- order rate constant, k. 2014/02/226 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

7. First-order absorption model One-compartment pharmacokinetic model for first-order drug absorption and first-order elimination. 2014/02/227 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

8. First-order absorption model Although zero-order absorption can occur, absorption is usually assumed to be a first-order process. This model assumes a first-order input across the gut wall and first-order elimination from the body. This model applies mostly to the oral absorption of drugs in solution or rapidly dissolving dosage (immediate release) forms such as tablets, capsules, and suppositories. 2014/02/228 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

9. Absorption and elimination Model of drug absorption and elimination D B =drug in body; V D = apparent volume of distribution 2014/02/229 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

10. Single oral dose Plasma level–time curve for a drug given in a single oral dose. The drug absorption and elimination phases of the curve are shown. 2014/02/2210 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

11. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic A typical plasma concentration-time profile showing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters obtained after oral administration of single dose of drug. 2014/02/2211 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

12. Determination of absorption rate constant (plasma data, Urine data) The absorption rate constant is determined by a method known as “feathering,” “method of residuals,” or “curve stripping.” From the plasma concentration versus time data obtained or provided to you and the plot of the data 2014/02/2212 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

13. Plasma data Plasma level–time curve following administration of single doses of (A) 250 mg, (B) 500 mg, and (C) 1000 mg of drug. 2014/02/2213 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

14. Urine data Corresponding plots relating the plasma level–time curve and the cumulative urinary drug excretion 2014/02/2214 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

15. Plasma and Urine data Corresponding plots relating the plasma level–time curve and the cumulative urinary drug excretion. 2014/02/2215 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

16. Plasma and Urine data Corresponding plots relating the plasma level–time curve and the rate of urinary drug excretion. 2014/02/2216 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

17. Extravascular multiple dose administration 2014/02/2217 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

18. Extravascular single dose administration Typical plasma level–time curve for a drug given in a single oral close 2014/02/2218 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

19. THANK YOU E-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/02/2219 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.