1. Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy when maze completed Try again—you can complete as many mazes as possible in the time allotted

2. RAT MAZES A Demonstration in Instrumental Learning and Operant Conditioning This is an example of –trial and error learning –instrumental learning/conditioning Thorndike = response to a stimulus is strengthened when they are instrumental in producing rewards –operant conditioning B. F. Skinner = positive reinforcers strengthen a response if experienced after the response occurs –Each time a completed maze was handed in, candy was received as positive reinforcement

3. Lemonade Experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pF WP5QDM

4. What is Learning? Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in subject’s behavior to a given situation brought about by repeated experience in that situation  We learn by association (Associative Learning)  Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence  learning that two events occur together

5. Classical Conditioning VS Operant Conditioning Classical Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits response Eventually the neutral stimulus causes the response Pavlov (dog saliva) Watson (little Albert) Operant Process of learning based on producing positive consequences and avoiding negative ones Measured by rate of response Skinner (pigeons)

6. Classical (AKA Pavlovian) Conditioning  We learn to associate two stimuli

7. Classical Conditioning Terms  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response  Unconditioned Response (UCR)  unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus  Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response  Conditioned Response (CR)  learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus  Acquisition  the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a conditioned response

8. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation) http://education- portal.com/academy/lesson/ classical- conditioning.html#lesson

9. A Classic Study John B. Watson Conditioned “emotion” Fear response in humans (1920) Little Albert https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q G2SwE_6uVM

10. UCS====  UCR

11. N + UCS======  UCR

12. Repeated pairings... CS (originally irrelevant!) ===  CR

13. SO... Who gives the shots? WHY?

14. Extinction The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR Involves repeatedly presenting the CS without pairing it with the UCS

15. Spontaneous Recovery Occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of no training

16. Generalization Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. Ex. A child who has been bit by a dog may fear all dogs. After 9/11, people responded anxiously to the sight or sound of planes. Generalization can be adaptive toddlers are taught to fear moving cars in the street and would respond similarly to trucks and motorcycles.

17. Discrimination Occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not produce a CR The more similar the stimuli are to the CS, the greater the difficulty of discrimination Being able to recognize these differences is adaptive. Ex. Confronted by a pit bull, your heart may race; confronted by a golden retriever, it likely will not.

18. A song for your enjoyment… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94lWxsfKErM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6JE8s1-w-Y Homework = perform your own experiment or observation. Turn it into a video project for extra credit (see sample below)

19. The Gothowitz Deviation