1. Tradition and Change in East Asia
Chapter 26
Tradition and Change in East Asia
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The Ming Dynasty ( )
Ming ( ) (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out
Centralized government control; faced new invasions from the Mongols
Rebuilt and repaired the Great Wall to prevent northern invasions
Restored Chinese cultural traditions and civil service examinations
Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress
Moved capital to Beijing
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Ming China,
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The Great Wall of China
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Ming Decline
Coastal cities and trade disrupted by pirates, 1520s--1560s
Government corruption and inefficiency caused by powerful eunuchs
Famines and peasant rebellions during the 1630s and 1640s
Manchu invaders with peasant support led to final Ming collapse, 1644
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The Qing Empire,
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Qing dynasty
The Manchus ( ), invaders from Manchuria to the northeast
Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty
Overwhelmed the Chinese forces; proclaimed the Qing dynasty, 1644
Originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military force
Captured Korea and Mongolia first, then China
Remained an ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with Chinese
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The “Son of Heaven”
Ming, Qing emperors considered quasi-divine
Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants
Clothing designs and name characters forbidden to rest of population
Heavenly powers and an obligation to maintain order on the earth
The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks
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9. The Scholar-Bureaucrats
Governance of the empire fell to civil servants, called scholar-bureaucrats
Ran government on a day-to-day basis
Schooled in Confucian texts, calligraphy
Had to pass rigorous examinations with strict quotas
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10. Examination System and Society
Civil service exam intensely competitive; few chosen for government positions
Others could become local teachers or tutors
System created a meritocracy with best students running the country
Wealthy families had some advantages over poor families
Confucian curriculum fostered common values
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11. The Patriarchal Family
The basic unit of Chinese society was the family; the highest value, filial piety
Included duties of children to fathers, loyalty of subjects to the emperor
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Gender Relations
Males receive preferential status
Economic factor: girls join husband’s family
Infanticide common
Men control divorce
Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much
Foot binding of young girls increased
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Woman with Bound Feet
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14. Population Growth and Economic Development
Only 11% of China arable
Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary
American food crops introduced in seventeenth century
Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
Rebellion and war reduce population in seventeenth century
Offset by increase due to American crops
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15. Chinese Population Growth
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Foreign Trade
Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware
Chinese in turn import relatively little
Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles
Pay for exports with silver bullion from Americas
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17. Government and Technology
During Tang and Song dynasties (seventh to thirteenth century), China a world leader in technology
Ming and Qing governments suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result
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18. Classes in Chinese Society
Privileged classes
Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry
Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service
Working classes
Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants
Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants
Lower classes
Military, beggars, slaves
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19. Confucianism and Christianity
Jesuits respectful of Chinese tradition, but won few converts
.08% of the population
Chinese had problems with exclusivity of Christianity
emperor Kangxi denounced Christianity
Jesuits had been an important bridge between Chinese and western cultures, introducing each to the achievements of the other
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20. The Unification of Japan
Shoguns rule Japan, twelfth to sixteenth century
Large landholders with private armies
Emperor merely a figurehead
Tokugawa Ieyasu (r ) establishes military government
Establishes Tokugawa dynasty ( )
Control of foreign relations
The shoguns adopted policy of isolation from outside world, 1630s
Foreign trade was under tight restriction at the port of Nagasaki
Despite the policy, Japan was never completely isolated
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Tokugawa Japan,
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22. Economic Growth in Japan
Population growth
Agricultural production doubled between 1600 and 1700
Population rose by a one-third from 1600 to 1700
Then slow growth due to infanticide, contraception, late marriage, abortion
Social change
Peace undermined the social and economic role of warrior elites
Merchants became prominent, and often wealthier than the ruling elites
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Population Growth
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Christianity in Japan
Remarkable success among daimyo
Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans
Government backlash
Fear of foreign intrusion
Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism
Anti-Christian campaign restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians
Sometimes by crucifixion
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25. Persecution of Catholics
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Dutch Learning
Dutch learning was one limited connection to the outside world
Dutch merchants permitted to trade at Nagasaki
European science, medicine, and art began to influence Japanese scholars
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