1. Normative Ethics Section 3 Deontology, Contractarianism and Consequentialism

2. 2 Deontological Theories Normative theories not based on consequences.  Immanuel Kant  David Ross Consider how the deontological theories of Kant & Ross could be problematic.

3. 3 Rights Fundamental principles. Thought to require deontological theory. But… rights can be said to emerge from moral rules with a consequentialist underpinning. Consider how consequentialism can inform belief in rights.

4. 4 Criticisms of Consequentialism Bernard Williams: (1.) overdemanding (2.) alienates agents from their integrity.

5. 5 Replies (1.) Consequentalism can provide for supererogation (rather than making it obligatory to maximise value). (2.) Does not alienate agents more than any other theory.

6. 6 Objective Consequentialism Avoids alienating agents from their relationships. Upholds relationships. Not committed to excessive self- sacrifice. Subjective consequentialism treats maximising as a decision- procedure to be employed recurrently.

7. 7 Justice & Consequentialism Distributive justice: consequentialism can prioritize the satisfaction of needs. Corrective justice: consequentialism can justify retributive practices through their benefits to society.

8. 8 Contractarianism Moral rules are based on what rational, self-interested individuals would (in certain circumstances & under certain constraints) choose or contract into.

9. 9 Problems Does not provide for those unable to enter into a contract, including - unborn generations - animals - some humans.  Problem of abstractness.  Consequentialist theories remain preferable.