1. The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR Claudia Höhne, GSI Darmstadt CBM collaboration Outline motivation, physics case observables experiment feasibility studies

2. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20062 milestone in mapping the QCD phase diagram would be the (unambiguous) discovery of either the critical point or the 1st order phase transition top SPS, RHIC, LHC : high T, low  B region – most probably crossover high  B region ! onset of deconfinement? 1st order phase transition? critical point? high baryon density! in medium modifications of hadrons lower SPS, AGS: limited in observables, statistics CBM – physics case critical endpoint: [Z.Fodor, S.Katz, JHEP 0404:050 (2004)] [S.Ejiri et al., hep-lat/0312006] → SIS 300 @ FAIR 2nd generation experiment! → charm, dileptons, fluctuations, correlations

3. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20063 Dense baryonic matter baryon density in central cell (Au+Au, b=0 fm) in transport calculations HSD (mean field, hadrons + resonances + strings), QGSM similar results enormous energy and baryon densities reached! (  >  crit ) [CBM physics group, C. Fuchs priv. com.]

4. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20064 Phase diagram [Bratkovskaya et al., PRC 69 (2004) 054907] UrQMD calculation of T,  B as function of reaction time (open symbols – nonequilibrium, full symbols – appr. pressure equilibrium) phase border crossed already at rather low energies (see also results from 3-fluid hydrodynamics) critical point in reach? CBM energy range: 15 - 35 AGeV for Au+Au

5. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20065 High baryon density matter! [Rapp, Wambach, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 25 (2000) 1, hep-ph/9909229] [Mishra et al., PRC 69, 015202 (2004) ] hadronic properties should be effected by the enormous baryon densities which will be created (partial) restoration of chiral symmetry?  D

6. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20066 Physics of CBM physics topics deconfinement at high  B ? softening of EOS ? order of phase transition ? Critical point ? in-medium properties of hadrons  onset of chiral symmetry restoration at high  B observables strangeness production: K,  charm production: J/ , D flow excitation function event-by-event fluctuations   e + e - open charm CBM: rare probes → high interaction rates!

7. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20067 Strangeness production deconfinement [NA49, C.Blume et al., nucl-ex/0409008] s-production mechanism different in hadronic / partonic scenario maximum of strangeness production at 30 AGeV → change from hadronic to partonic phase? CBM energy range: 15 – 35/45 AGeV (depending on A) verify and extend energy dependence!

8. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20068 Transverse-mass spectra seen for pions, kaons, protons and their antiparticles filled symbol: particle open symbol: antiparticle energy dependence of  m t  changes at lower SPS energies deconfinement

9. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 20069 J/  suppression screening of cc pairs in partonic phase anomalous J/  suppression observed at top-SPS and RHIC energies signal of deconfinement? energy dependence?! [E. Scomparin for NA 60, QM05] deconfinement

10. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200610 collective flow collapse elliptic flow of protons at lower energies signal for first order phase transition?! [e.g. Stoecker, NPA 750 (2005) 121, E. Shuryak, hep-ph/0504048] full energy dependence needed! central midcentral peripheral [NA49, PRC68, 034903 (2003)] deconfinement

11. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200611 K/  fluctuations Critical point dynamical fluctuations of the K/  ratio increase towards lower energies not reproduced by UrQMD: resonance contribution?  energy dependence needed for lower energies! [C.Roland et al., nucl-ex/0403035 S. Das, SQM06]

12. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200612 modifications    → l + l - In medium within acceptance high quality data at low and high energies now coming in from NA60 (SPS, 158 AGeV, In+In) and HADES (SIS, 2 AGeV, C+C) enhancement of low-mass dilepton pairs! [R. Holzmann for HADES, QM05][E. Scomparin for NA 60, QM05]

13. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200613 modifications    → e + e - intermediate energies with highest baryon densities? pioneering measurement of CERES study full energy dependence! CERES [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 042301 (2003)] In medium

14. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200614 D-mesons [W. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, A. Sibirtsev, Nucl. Phys. A 691 (2001) 745] SIS18 SIS100/ 300 Consequences for charmonium states if DD threshold drops below their mass! D-mesons sensitive to medium! In medium [Mishra et al., PRC 69, 015202 (2004) ]

15. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200615 D-mesons (II) [E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, private communication] In medium Dropping D-meson masses with increasing light quark density might give a large enhancement of the open charm yield at 25 A GeV !

16. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200616 detector requirements Systematic investigations: A+A collisions from 8 to 45 (35) AGeV, Z/A=0.5 (0.4) (up to 8 AGeV: HADES) p+A and p+p collisions from 8 to 90 GeV observables detector requirements & challenges strangeness production: K,  charm production: J/ , D flow excitation function event-by-event fluctuations   e + e - open charm tracking in high track density environment (~ 1000) hadron ID lepton ID myons, photons secondary vertex reconstruction (resolution  50  m) large statistics: large integrated luminosity: high beam intensity (10 9 ions/sec.) and duty cycle beam available for several months per year high interaction rates (10 MHz) fast, radiation hard detector efficient trigger rare signals! CBM!

17. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200617 The CBM experiment tracking, momentum determination, vertex reconstruction: radiation hard silicon pixel/strip detectors (STS) in a magnetic dipole field electron ID: RICH & TRD (& ECAL)   suppression  10 4 hadron ID: TOF (& RICH) photons,  0,  : ECAL PSD for event characterization high speed DAQ and trigger not necessarily fixed layout! more like „facility“ STS

18. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200618 STS tracking Challenge: high track density  600 charged particles in  25 o task track reconstruction for tracks with 0.1 GeV/c < p  10-12 GeV/c and with a momentum resolution of order 1% at 1 GeV/c primary and secondary vertex reconstruction (resolution  50  m) V 0 track pattern recognition (hyperons, e + e - pairs from  - conversion) D + →  +  + K - (c  = 317  m) D 0 → K -  + (c  = 124  m)

19. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200619 STS tracking (II) set of silicon tracking stations inside magnetic field („heart of CBM“) 2-3 vertex detectors with high resolution, minimum thickness (e.g. MAPS) 2-3 pixel detectors for tracking seeds outer stations for high precision tracking: Si-strip challenge: readout speed (10 MHz interaction rate), radiation hardness (10 9 ions/s), material budget, resolution so far: simple standard layout with 7/8 stations (3 + 4)/ (2+2+4) in use MAPS StripHybrids Should deliver unambiguous seeds High resolution tracking With large coverage Ultimate vertex resolution optimization of layout is ongoing work robust tracking!!

20. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200620 Open charm production D 0 → K -  + (c  = 124  m), minimum bias Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV = 4∙ 10 -5 ~50  m secondary vertex resolution proton identification via TOF even better signal for D + → K -  +  + (3-particle 2nd vertex)

21. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200621 Hyperons identification via 2nd vertices in the STS, no hadron ID acceptance:  (17 %),  (6.5 %)  (7.5 %) current reconstruction efficiency:  (56 %),  (26 %)  (36 %) → optimize/ improve 2nd vertex finder, STS layout   = 0.85 MeV 

22. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200622 Hadron identification – TOF (RPC) challenge: counting rate, large area, sufficient position resolution, time resolution < 80ps simulations: central Au+Au at 25 AGeV, UrQMD time resolution 80ps, TOF wall in 10m distance to target no track reconstruction and mismatch yet! Squared mass measured with TOF

23. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200623 Dynamical fluctuations 4  acceptance identified particles K/  3.2  0.32.6  0.6 p/  -5.3  0.07-5.9  0.1 data mixed events UrQMD: central Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV, no track reconstruction resonance contribution?! little influence of limited detector acceptance lower detectable limit of dyn. fluctuations?

24. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200624 Dileptons dileptons are penetrating probes! modifications in hot and dense matter expected – see CERES, NA50, NA60, HADES best way to measure? e + e - ↔  +  -

25. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200625 Dileptons: electrons ↔ muons HSD: in-medium modifications of low-mass vector mesons in e + e - channel and  +  - channel are very similar! important: mass region from ~ 0.2 – 0.7 GeV/c 2 (below under vivid discussion) [E. Bratkovskaya, priv. com.]

26. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200626 Conceptional studies: MC tracks, ideal particle ID Major background sources: π 0 → γ e + e -, γ → e + e - track segment reconstructed no PID reconstructed PID no magnetic field constant magnetic field 7.5 kG 0 cm 15 cm 200 cm Physical background:  small pair opening angle  often: one hard, one soft electron Dileptons - electrons N/eventDecayBR  36  e + e -  5.×10 -3  38  e + e -  0  e + e - 5.9×10 -4 7.07×10 -5  1.28  e + e - 3.1×10 -4  0 28  e + e - 4.44×10 -5

27. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200627 Dileptons - electrons low-mass vector mesons: develop sophisticated cut strategy → (so far) signal quality mainly limited by ability of background rejection J/  : cut on p t (1GeV) seems sufficient so far no track reconstruction, PID included J/ψ→e+e- central Au+Au, 25 AGeV p t >100 MeV φ ω

28. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200628 Modified CBM setup → dimuons for investigation of dimuons study alternative CBM setup with active muon absorbers (Fe + C + detector layers) after the STS... move absorbers out for hadron runs

29. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200629 Dileptons - muons first study: minimum bias Au+Au, 25 AGeV low efficiency for soft muons → early cutoff in invariant mass spectrum of low-mass vector mesons phantastic J/ , even  ' should be accessible J/ψ→μ+μ- ρφω

30. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200630 Dileptons – muons (II) problems: low efficiency for soft muons! → accepted phase space shifted to forward rapidities for low-mass vector mesons challenging muon detector (high particle densities!)  J/ 

31. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200631 STS R&D  4" 280 µm Microstrip Sensors Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors Tracking Stations row column ADC beam test layout studies module design

32. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200632 RICH R&D development of small sized (r=4mm) PMTs with distributed dynode system enhanced UV sensitivity by usage of wavelength shifter films

33. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200633 TRD R&D MWPC (GSI, Dubna) GEM (Dubna)

34. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200634 RPC R&D close collaboration with FOPI ToF upgrade with multi-strip RPCs

35. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200635 ECAL R&D beam test of prototype modules at U70, Protvino, November 2005

36. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200636 PSD R&D first prototype tested at CERN, August 2006 response to  -beam at different beam energies

37. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200637 CBM – summary CBM offers a very interesting physics program exploring the QCD phase- diagram at highest baryon densities but still moderate temperatures unique features expected in CBM energy range: first order phase transition, critical point CBM as 2nd generation experiment will be able to study rare probes, fluctuations and correlations! detector development under way increasingly realistic feasibility studies are performed exciting physics from ~2015 on!

38. Claudia Höhne Symposium, IPHC Strasbourg, September 19, 200638 CBM collaboration Croatia: RBI, Zagreb China: Wuhan Univ. Hefei Univ. Cyprus: Nikosia Univ. Czech Republic: CAS, Rez Techn. Univ. Prague France: IReS Strasbourg Hungaria: KFKI Budapest Eötvös Univ. Budapest India: VECC Kolkata IOP Bhubaneswar Univ. Chandighar Univ. Varanasi IIT Kharagpur Korea: Korea Univ. Seoul Pusan National Univ. Norway: Univ. Bergen Germany: Univ. Heidelberg, Phys. Inst. Univ. HD, Kirchhoff Inst. Univ. Frankfurt Univ. Kaiserslautern Univ. Mannheim Univ. Münster FZ Rossendorf GSI Darmstadt Poland: Krakow Univ. Warsaw Univ. Silesia Univ. Katowice Nucl. Phys. Inst. Krakow Portugal: LIP Coimbra Romania: NIPNE Bucharest Russia: IHEP Protvino INR Troitzk ITEP Moscow KRI, St. Petersburg Kurchatov Inst., Moscow LHE, JINR Dubna LPP, JINR Dubna LIT, JINR Dubna MEPHI Moscow Obninsk State Univ. PNPI Gatchina SINP, Moscow State Univ. St. Petersburg Polytec. U. Ukraine: Shevshenko Univ., Kiev CBM Collaboration : 46 institutions, > 400 Members