1. OV 4 - 1 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Implementations  Physical Network Topologies  Logical Network Topologies  Ethernet Networks  Network Devices  VLANs

2. OV 4 - 2 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. OSI Model Location Application 7 Presentation 6 Session 5 Transport 4 Network 3 Data Link 2 Physical 1

3. OV 4 - 3 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical vs. Logical Topologies Describes a network’s physical wiring layout Describes the paths through which data flows

4. OV 4 - 4 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Point-to-Point Connections A direct connection between two nodes on a network

5. OV 4 - 5 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Point-to-Multipoint Connections Each multipoint has more than two connections

6. OV 4 - 6 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Bus Topology T-connectorTerminator Nodes are arranged in a linear format

7. OV 4 - 7 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Transmission on a Bus 3. If collision then jam signal is sent 2. Node transmits data when bus is free 1. Listens passively for a signal 6. If nodes don’t accept transmitted data it is absorbed by the terminator 5. Destination node picks up transmission 4. Each node determines if transmission is intended for it

8. OV 4 - 8 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Ring Topology Flow of data is unidirectional to avoid collisions Has upstream and downstream neighbors

9. OV 4 - 9 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Star Topology Switch Uses a central connectivity device Individual nodes send data to the connectivity device

10. OV 4 - 10 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Mesh Topology Mesh topology where nodes are connected to every other node Partial mesh topology where not every node has direct connection to all other nodes

11. OV 4 - 11 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Hybrid Topologies

12. OV 4 - 12 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Logical Bus Topology When one node transmits, all nodes hear it as if they were on a bus

13. OV 4 - 13 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Logical Ring Topology Receives data from its upstream neighbor and retransmits to downstream neighbor

14. OV 4 - 14 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Logical Star Topology Nodes only communicate with each other through the central device (switch), which selectively forwards the frame to the intended destination rather than letting all nodes hear the transmission simultaneously

15. OV 4 - 15 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. NICs

16. OV 4 - 16 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Transceivers Transceiver chip

17. OV 4 - 17 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IEEE 802.x Standards  802.2  802.3  802.3af  802.3at  802.11

18. OV 4 - 18 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)  Set of networking technologies and media access methods for LANs.  IEEE 802.3.  Uses wired medium:  Usually uses twisted-pair cables for access.  High-speed twisted-pair or fiber-optic cable for backbone.  OSI Layer 2:  Originally Layer 1 and 2.  Traditional Ethernet networks used CSMA/CD media access control:  ThinNet.  ThickNet.  Modern networks use switched Ethernet.

19. OV 4 - 19 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethernet Frames Preamble (7 bytes) Destination Address (6 bytes) Frame Type (2 bytes) Frame Check Sequence (4 bytes) Start-of- Frame Delimiter (1 byte) Source Address (6 bytes) Data (n bytes)

20. OV 4 - 20 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. MAC Addresses MAC Address: 00-00-86-46-F6-65 Universal LAN MAC Address 6 bytes OUI

21. OV 4 - 21 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. The 10Base Standards 100BaseT Media Speed Signal type

22. OV 4 - 22 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Fast Ethernet StandardMediumDistance (m) 100Base-TCAT5 UTP100 100Base-T4CAT3, 4, or 5 UTP100 100Base-TXCat5 UTP or STP100 100Base-FXMultimode or single mode fiber412 (half duplex) 2,000 (full duplex) 15,000-20,000 (full duplex) All are based on IEEE specification 802.3u.

23. OV 4 - 23 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Gigabit Ethernet  1000Base-T  1000Base-TX  1000Base-X  1000Base-CX  1000Base-SX  1000Base-LX  Single-mode fiber  Multimode fiber  1000Base-LH  Single-mode fiber  Multimode fiber

24. OV 4 - 24 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Gigabit Ethernet  10GBase-X  10GBase-SR  10GBase-SW  10GBase-LR  10GBase-LW  10GBase-ER  10GBase-EW  10GBase-T  10GBase-CX4

25. OV 4 - 25 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. PoE PoE:  IEEE 802.3af  Transfers electrical power and data over CAT 5 or higher twisted-pair cable  Powers devices up to 15.4 W:  Network switches  VoIP phones  Wireless access points  Cameras PoE+:  IEEE 802.3at  Backward compatible with 802.3af devices  Power devices up to 25.5 W:  Cameras with pan/tilt/zoom  Door controllers  Point-of-sale terminals

26. OV 4 - 26 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Switches Connects pairs of ports Switch

27. OV 4 - 27 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Routers Divides network based on network addresses

28. OV 4 - 28 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Routers  Access routers  Distribution routers  Core routers

29. OV 4 - 29 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Gateways WAN Interface LAN Interface Gateway

30. OV 4 - 30 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Firewalls

31. OV 4 - 31 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Analog Modems

32. OV 4 - 32 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Controllers  Support large scale interactive networks and communication between set- tops and application servers.  Used in digital cable networks and enable such services as:  VOD.  Catalog shopping.  Web browsing.  Email.  Set-top is a device that contains a TV-tuner input and displays output to a television set.

33. OV 4 - 33 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Legacy Network Connectivity Devices  Repeater  Hub  Bridge

34. OV 4 - 34 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Collision and Broadcast Domains Router Hub Switch Broadcast Domain Collision Domain

35. OV 4 - 35 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Switches and Network Performance Eight-port Switch Client 1 Client 2 Server 1 Server 2

36. OV 4 - 36 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Switch Types and Operating Modes  Switch types:  Multilayer  Content  Switching modes:  Cut-through  Fragment-free  Store-and-forward

37. OV 4 - 37 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. STP (IEEE 802.1d)

38. OV 4 - 38 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. VLANs VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3

39. OV 4 - 39 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. VLAN Assignment  Group nodes into the same VLAN:  Router routes packets between VLANs.  Assign ports to VLANs:  Manually configure each port on a switch.  Associate a VLAN with a node’s MAC address.  Usually single port on the switch belongs to only one VLAN at a time:  Truck ports or port mirroring is the exception.

40. OV 4 - 40 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Port Mirroring  Duplicate all traffic on one port to a second port.  Useful as a diagnostic tool.

41. OV 4 - 41 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Trunking  Trunk links combined to:  Increase bandwidth  Increase reliability  Also known as:  Link aggregation  Port teaming  EtherChannel  NIC bonding  IEEE 802.1AC-2008 defines the standard for link aggregation  Typically implemented between switches:  Can be implemented between a node and a switch

42. OV 4 - 42 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. IEEE 802.1q  Identifies which frame belongs to which VLAN.  Inserts tag in header identifying the VLAN.  Competitor is Cisco’s ISL:  Encapsulates Ethernet frame into proprietary format.  Older protocol.

43. OV 4 - 43 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. VLAN Pooling  Wireless access points choose from available VLANs.  Distributes and load-balances wireless traffic.

44. OV 4 - 44 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. VTP VTP advertises switching information to all switches on a network C AB F DE A C B A C B

45. OV 4 - 45 Copyright © 2015 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Reflective Questions 1.Describe your network topology, being sure to describe both the physical and logical aspects. 2.If you have experience in using VLANs, share it. If not, brainstorm ideas for using them.