1. Inheritance in Java

2. Access Specifiers private keywordprivate keyword –Used for most instance variables –private variables and methods are accessible only to methods of the class in which they are declared –Declaring instance variables private is known as data hiding public keywordpublic keyword –Exposes variables or methods outside the Class. –Declaring public methods is know as defining the class’ public interface. Protected keywordProtected keyword –Provides limited access –Provides access to sub classes but not to the classes outside a package

3. Summary Situation public protected default private Accessible to class from same package? yes no Accessible to class from different package? yes no, unless it is a subclass no

4. Inheritance Inheritance allows a software developer to reuse classes by deriving a new class from an existing one The existing class is called the parent class, or superclass, or base class The derived class is called the child class or subclass. As the name implies, the child inherits characteristics of the parent That is, the child class inherits the methods and data defined for the parent class

5. Inheritance Relationship Animal weight : int + getWeight() : int Bird Inheritance should create an is-a relationship, meaning the child is a more specific version of the parent

6. Deriving Subclasses In Java, we use the reserved word extends to establish an inheritance relationship class Animal { // class contents int weight; public void int getWeight() {…} } class Bird extends Animal { // class contents public void fly() {…}; }

7. Class Hierarchy Good class design puts all common features as high in the hierarchy as reasonable inheritance is transitive –An instance of class Parrot is also an instance of Bird, an instance of Animal, …, and an instance of class Object

8. Class inheritance The inclusion of members of a base class in a derived class so that they are accessible in that derived class is called class inheritance. An inherited member of a base class is one that is accessible within the derived class. If a base class member is not accessible in a derived class, then it is not an inherited member of the derived class.

9. Class inheritance An inherited member of a derived class is a full member of that class and is freely accessible to any method in the class. The non- inherited members are also part of the base class object.

10. Inheriting Data Members

11. Hidden Data Members Variables of same name both in base class and derived class Use of keyword super

12. Inherited Methods Methods other than constructors are inherited in the same way as data members. The constructors are not inherited.

13. Example // A simple example of inheritance. // Create a superclass. class A { int i, j; void showij() { System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j); } // Create a subclass by extending class A. class B extends A { int k; void showk() { System.out.println("k: " + k); } void sum() { System.out.println("i+j+k: " + (i+j+k)); }

14. class SimpleInheritance { public static void main(String args[]) { A superOb = new A(); B subOb = new B(); // The superclass may be used by itself. superOb.i = 10; superOb.j = 20; System.out.println("Contents of superOb: "); superOb.showij(); System.out.println();

15. /* The subclass has access to all public members of its superclass. */ subOb.i = 7; subOb.j = 8; subOb.k = 9; System.out.println("Contents of subOb: "); subOb.showij(); subOb.showk(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Sum of i, j and k in subOb:"); subOb.sum(); }

16. OUTPUT The output from this program is shown here: Contents of superOb: i and j: 10 20 Contents of subOb: i and j: 7 8 k: 9 Sum of i, j and k in subOb: i+j+k: 24

17. Example public class Animal { public Animal(String aType) { type = new String(aType); } public String toString() { return “This is a “ + type; } private String type; }

18. public class Dog extends Animal { // constructors for a Dog object private String name; private String breed; }

19. Constructors of the Derived Class public class Dog extends Animal { public Dog(String aName) { super(“Dog”); name = aName; breed = “Unknown”; } public Dog(String aName, String aBreed) { super(“Dog”); name = aName; breed = aBreed; } private String name; private String breed; }

20. Overriding a Base Class Method public String toString() { return “It’s “ + name + “ the “ + breed; }

21. Method Overriding A child class can override the definition of an inherited method in favor of its own –that is, a child can redefine a method that it inherits from its parent –the new method must have the same signature as the parent's method, but can have different code in the body In java, all methods except of constructors override the methods of their ancestor class by replacement. E.g.: –the Animal class has method eat() –the Bird class has method eat() and Bird extends Animal –variable b is of class Bird, i.e. Bird b = … –b.eat() simply invokes the eat() method of the Bird class If a method is declared with the final modifier, it cannot be overridden

22. Another use of Super public String toString() { return super.toString() + “\nIt’s “ + name + “ the “ + breed; }

23. 23 Overloading vs. Overriding Overloading deals with multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different signatures Overloading lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different data Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class and one in a child class, that have the same signature Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different object types

24. Guidelines to Choose Access Attributes Methods likely to be used as external interface to a class should be declared as public. Do not make data members public unless they are constants intended for general use. If you expect other people will use your classes as base classes, your classes will be more secure if you keep data members private, and provide public methods for accessing and manipulating them when necessary.

25. Use protected when you want a limited access to the subclasses in other packages

26. 26 The Object Class A class called Object is defined in the java.lang package of the Java standard class library All classes are derived from the Object class –even if a class is not explicitly defined to be the child of an existing class, it is assumed to be the child of the Object class –the Object class is therefore the ultimate root of all class hierarchies The Object class contains a few useful methods, which are inherited by all classes –toString() –equals() –clone()

27. The Object Class: the toString Method That’s why the println method can call toString for any object that is passed to it – all objects are guaranteed to have a toString method via inheritance The toString method in the Object class is defined to return a string that contains the name of the object’s class and a hash value Every time we have defined toString, we have actually been overriding it

28. The Object Class: the equals Method The equals method of the Object class determines if two variables point to the same object (more shortly) Many classes (which all implicitly extend an Object class) override equals to define equality in some other way, e.g. Integer.equals looks at the represented integer, etc.

29. EXAMPLE class Animal { private String type; public Animal(String aType) { type = new String(aType); } public void eat() { System.out.println("Animal eat"); }

30. EXAMPLE class Dog extends Animal { private String name; private String breed; public Dog(String aName) { super("Dog"); name = aName; breed = "Unknown"; } public Dog(String aName, String aBreed) { super("Dog"); name = aName; breed = aBreed; } public void eat(){ System.out.println("Dog eat"); }}

31. EXAMPLE class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { Animal a = new Animal(“Unknown"); Animal b=a; Dog d = new Dog("dog"); System.out.println(a.toString()); System.out.println(b.toString()); System.out.println(d.toString()); System.out.println(a.equals(b)); System.out.println(a.equals(d)); }

32. LAB PRACTICE Create a parent class “person” Add instance variable like name. Add methods like setname(), getname() Create a child class “student” which inherits from person class Add instance variable like stunum. Add methods like setstunum(), getstunum() Create another class Test which contains main() method. Create object of child class n call methods Setname() Setstunum() Getname() Getstunum()

33. LAB PRACTICE Create a parent class “Bicycle” Add instance variables like speed,gear, initialize via constructor Add methods like speedUp(), changeGear(), applyBrakes(), printStates(); Create a child class “MountainBike” which inherits from Bicycle class Add instance variable like seatheight, initialize via constructor. Add methods like setHeight(), getHeight()

34. LAB PRACTICE Create another class Test which contains main() method. Create object of child class n call methods printStates() speedUp() changeGear() applyBrakes() printStates() setHeight() getHeight()

35. Lab Practice Now override printStates() method in child class Create objects of parent class & child class in main() Call methods for parent class in the following sequence printStates() speedUp() changeGear() applyBrakes() printStates() Call methods for child class in the following sequence printStates() speedUp() changeGear() applyBrakes() setHeight() printStates()