1. WarmUp #1 1.Within communism, what is the working class known as? 2.Within communism, what is the wealthy class, who owns the factories known as? 3.What growing class would incorporate engineers, accountants & managers? 4.Read & analyze the map on pg. 697 & answer the questions regarding independence in Latin America.

2. Independence in Latin America

3. Beginnings of the Independence Mvmts inspired by the Enlightenment, the American & French Revolutions become the model Saint Domingue: 1st to fight for independence –began as slave revolt, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture –gained independence in 1804 & renamed Haiti Spanish & Portuguese colonies had social hierarchy –peninsulares: born in Spain or Portugal –creoles: born in the Americas (…but had European parents) –mulatos: people of mixed race –natives & slaves Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain & Portugal, weakening European control of their colonies

4. Toussaint L’Ouverture

5. Independence in Mexico

6. Sept. 16 th, 1810: Miguel Hidalgo started revolt –Mexican Independence Day –captured & killed, but still known as the Father of Mexican Independence 1821: Mexico gained its independence from Spain

7. Independence in South America main leaders for independence: Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin –Bolivar (“the Liberator”) helped achieve independence for the northern regions of South America –San Martin helped achieve independence for the southern regions of South America Bolivar & San Martin met: –San Martin went back to Europe –Bolivar left in control Portuguese king fled to Brazil…his son, Pedro gained independence for Brazil

8. The Monroe Doctrine & Simon Bolivar

9. The Meeting of Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin

10. The United States 1803: Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon Bonaparte (France) 1823: Monroe Doctrine –European nations are not allowed to interfere in the affairs of the Americas As a result, Americans felt a destiny to expand (manifest destiny) –forced Native Americans off of their land: Trail of Tears

11. The American Civil War because of the cotton gin, slavery became an institution in the southern states of the United States (“King Cotton”) Northern states: wanted the abolition of slavery –states’ rights issues (inc. slavery) brought about the Civil War between the states –Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860: South Carolina, 1st state to secede Confederate States of America > Robert E. Lee: best general on either side (Lincoln’s top choice, but turned down) 1863 Emancipation Proclamation: President Lincoln frees the slaves in the CSA (rebel states) –Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863: turning point battle of the war! –General Lee & CSA surrender to General Lee & USA (April 9 th, 1865) at Appomattox Court House in Virginia 13th Amendment: slavery is abolished 14th Amendment: citizenship to all former slaves 15th Amendment: African-American males can vote

12. The American Civil War

13. Back to Latin America… the politics of Mexico were controlled by Santa Anna, after the Mexican-American War 1846-48 –revolving door of power –Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata fought for the peasants & the workers calls for Cuban independence led to the Spanish-American War (1898) –the United States got Philippines, Puerto Rico & Guam…but not Cuba (Treaty of Paris 1898)

14. Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata U.S.S. Maine (1898)

15. The United States as a “Protector” President Theodore Roosevelt sent American troops to help “liberate” Panama from Colombia –in exchange, the United States built & controlled Panama Canal (connecting Atlantic & Pacific Oceans) T.R. also issued the “Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine” saying the United States would use their military might to keep Europeans out of the Americas –U.S. = police power of the Caribbean & Latin America –mixed feelings in Latin America towards U.S. involvement

16. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Panama Canal

18. In-Class Assessment 1. From which nation, did the United States gain the Louisiana Purchase in 1803? 2. What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)? 3. What was manifest destiny? 4. What was the Trail of Tears? 5. Of all the issues of state rights’ between the American states, what is the most well-known issue that divided the United States?