1. BRIDGES

2. History of Bridge Development How Bridges Work Basic Concepts Types of Bridges Concepts Associated with Bridge Engineering Truss Analysis Tips for Building Bridges Bridge Construction Work Plan

3. 700 A.D. Asia 100 B.C. Romans Natural Bridges Clapper Bridge  Tree trunk  Stone  The Arch  Natural Cement Roman Arch Bridge History of Bridge Development Great Stone Bridge in China  Low Bridge  Shallow Arch 1300 A.D. Renaissance  Strength of Materials  Mathematical Theories  Development of Metal

4. First Cast-Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale, England 1800 A.D. Britannia Tubular Bridge 1850 A.D.  Wrought Iron Truss Bridges  Mechanics of Design Suspension Bridges  Use of Steel for the suspending cables 1900 A.D. 1920 A.D.  Prestressed Concrete  Steel 2000 A.D. History of Bridge Development

5. How Bridges Work? Waves travel at hundreds of kilometer with the flow of traffic on a bridge. Bridges are designed to handle this type of movement, as well as natural effects, such as wind and earthquakes. Bridges have a life of their own. Understanding the static forces are a huge component to making them successful.

6. Compression Tension Basic Vocabulary Span - the distance between two bridge supports, whether they are columns, towers or the wall of a canyon. Compression - a force which acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on. Tension - a force which acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on. Force - any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure

7. Basic Concepts Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf bracket or a diving board Beam Pier Load - weight distribution throughout a structure

8. Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability (n.) characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic load without collapsing or deforming significantly Basic Concepts

9. To dissipate forces is to spread them out over a greater area, so that no one spot has to bear the brunt of the concentrated force. To transfer forces is to move the forces from an area of weakness to an area of strength, an area designed to handle the forces. Buckling is what happens when the force of compression overcomes an object's ability to handle compression. A mode of failure characterized generally by an unstable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the structural element involved. Snapping is what happens when tension overcomes an object's ability to handle tension. Basic Concepts

10. Types of Bridges Basic Types: Beam Bridge Arch Bridge Suspension Bridge

11. Types of Bridges: Beam Bridge The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.

12. Forces When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart. Types of Bridges: Beam Bridge

13. Forces Every bar in this cantilever bridge experiences either a pushing or pulling force. The bars rarely bend. This is why cantilever bridges can span farther than beam bridges Types of Bridges: Truss Bridge

14. The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet. Types of Bridges: Arch Bridges

15. Forces The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart. Types of Bridges: Arch Bridges

16. This kind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting. Types of Bridges: Suspension Bridges

17. Forces In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight. Types of Bridges: Suspension Bridges

18. The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000 feet). Types of Bridges: Cable-Stayed Bridges

19. How do the following affect your structure?  Forces  Loads  Materials  Shapes Things You Should Consider in Your Bridge Design

20. Pythagorean Theorem Basic math and science concepts Bridge Engineering    a c b  c 2 =b 2 +a 2  

21. Bridge Engineering Balsa Wood Information

22. Truss Analysis Bridge Engineering Structural Stability Formula K = 2J - R Where: K = The unknown to be solved J = Number of Joints M = Number of Members R = 3 (number of sides of a triangle) K Results Analysis: If M = K Stable Design If M < K Unstable Design If M > K Indeterminate Design

23. Truss Analysis Bridge Engineering Structural Stability Formula (Example) Joints J=9 Members M=15 K = 2 (9) – 3 = 15 15 = M = K then The design is stable

24. Tips for building a bridge 1. Commitment - Dedication and attention to details. Be sure you understand the event rules before designing your prototype. 1)Draw your preliminary design 2)ALL joints should have absolutely flush surfaces before applying glue.  Glue is not a "gap filler", it dooms the structure! 3) Structures are symmetric. 4)Most competitions require these structures to be weighed. Up to 20% of the structure's mass may be from over gluing.

25. Stresses flow like water. Where members come together there are stress concentrations that can destroy your structure. Here is a connection detail of one of the spaghetti bridges. The Importance of Connections

26. Thank you for attending! We wish you luck!