1. Simple Marine Animals

2. Foldable Layout Simple Marine Animals Nutrition Vocabulary Nutrients
Zooplankton
Protozoans
Rotifers, Sponges, and Bryozoans

3. Nutrition Vocabulary
Nutrition: the process by which organisms use food to perform their life activities
Metabolism: the process by which animals break down and utilize nutrients
Nutrients: Useful chemical compounds found in food

4. Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
Organic compounds (contain carbon)
Comprised of sugars and starches
Glucose when it is not being used in the body is changed and stored into starch
Energy found in carbon-hydrogen bonds
Lipids
High energy nutrients consisting of fats and oils
Contain more C-H bonds and therefore has more energy potential
Uses hydrolysis to release energy
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
Needed for growth and repair of their cells

5. Nutrients continued Minerals Vitamins Water
Elements and compounds found in water and soil that do not contain carbon (inorganic)
Required for normal growth and health
Minerals are consumed and incorporated into body tissues.
Vitamins
Organic compounds that are needed in small amounts to maintain good health
Aid in the functioning of enzymes.
Water
Inorganic compound
The most abundant nutrient in the body
Make up most of body fluids such as blood, lymph, seat, and tears.
Participates in chemical reactions
Contains and transports many dissolved and suspended substances within the bodies of organisms.

6. Zooplankton Includes animal and animal-like plankton
Divided into two groups
Temporary zooplankton (meroplankton)
Consists of embryos or larvae of fish, crabs, sponges, lobsters, clams, and other invertebrates.
Organisms spend early part of their life cycle floating and drifting near the ocean’s surface then as they mature, they settle to the bottom of the ocean to develop into adults.
Permanent zooplankton
Consists of species that remain in the plankton population throughout their entire life cycle.
Example 1: foraminiferan
Unicellular protist whose outer shell eventually becomes chalk
Example 2: radiolarian
Unicellular protist with a transparent wall
Example 3: Copepod
The most numerous
Tiny shrimp-like animal

7. Protozoans: Groups Subdivided into three major groups Ciliophora
Largest group of protozoa
Use cilia for locomotion and feeding
Free-swimming
Crawl on substrates
Examples: Spirostomum, Stylonychia, Vorticella
Zoomastigina
Use whiplike flagella for locomotion
Examples: euglena, dinoflagellates
Sarcodina
Use psuedopods (cytoplasmic extensions) for locomotion and eating
Examples: Forams, radiolarians, amebas

8. Protozoans: Life Functions
Ingestion and Digestion
Food is taken in by cilia movement into the oral groove.
Food enters vacuoles located inside the organism where they are broken down into smaller particles (digestion)
Respiration
Use cellular respiration to make ATP (energy)
Oxygen is transported into the organism through the cell membrane.
Transport
The movement of substances into, out of, and within a cell.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide are transported via diffusion (passive transport)
Water balance and excretion
Excess water is pumped out of the cell through the contractile vacuole.
Reproduction
Most reproduce asexually by binary fission
Cell/organism divides into two daughter cells
Some reproduce sexually via conjugation
Two cells/organisms come into contact with one another and exchange hereditary material

9. Rotifers (wheel bearer)
Multicellular
Found in moist sands along the shore and in aquarium tanks
They can change the shape of their body.
Some rotifers are predatory while some scavenge on debris
Have a digestive system
Cilia beats food into mouth which passes through a food tube (esophagus, stomach and intestines) and then wastes are eliminated through the anus.
Reproduction
Reproduce through sexual reproduction and asexually (parthenogenesis)

10. Sponges: Background information
Classified in the phylum Porifera (pore bearing)
Considered benthic (bottom dwelling) organisms
nonmotile
Life functions
Ingestion and Digestion
Tiny food particles enter through small pores (ostia) and water and wastes exit through the large hole called osculum
Digestion occurs within food vacuoles inside individual cells
Respiration
Gas exchange occurs across cell membranes
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Regeneration
Whole body can be regrown from parts of the parent body
Life Cycle
Zygote to embryo to larva to adult

11. Sponges: Importance in the Marine Environment
Commercial Significance
Collected for bathing (Euspongia)
Demand has decreased due to the substitution of synthetic sponges for natural ones
Filter feeders
One sponge can filter 100 L of seawater in an hour
Recycle minerals back into the water
Encrusting organisms
Can grow over the surfaces of substrates
Recycles calcium carbonate back into the water by boring holes into the shells of organisms like the clam

12. Bryozoans Description Life functions Benthic organism
Microscopic multicellular animal
Lives within a box or vase shaped compartment made up of calcium carbonate or chitin.
Colonies cover surfaces of rocks, seaweeds, and shells
Life functions
Ingestion and Digestion
Feeds on plankton and debris
One-way digestive tract (mouth, stomach, and intestines)
Wastes eliminated through the anus
Reproduction
Asexual via budding
Sexual by producing sperm and egg cells
Most are hermaphrodites