1. Media violence Research findings

2. Paik & Comstock The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis

3. 1963 Two classic experiments Bandura, Ross and Ross Berkowitz and Rawlings

4. Bandura, Ross & Ross Subjects: Nursery school children Manipulation: Exposed to portrayals of 1) ordinary adults; and 2) person costumed as a cartoon character acting violently Outcome: Aggressive behavior when allowed to play freely with toys

5. Berkowitz & Rawlings Subjects: College students Manipulation: Exposure to film portrayal of a boxing match and perceived loser as deserving punishment for earlier antisocial behavior Outcome: Expressed greater hostility toward someone who had angered them

6. Paik & Comstock looked at 217 empirical studies from 1957-1990. These studies yielded 1,142 hypothesis tests.

7. Overall effect size Nrr2r2 Male viewers All observations595.36.13 Experimental designs451.41.17 Surveys144.18.03 Female viewers All observations192.26.07 Experimental designs72.37.14 Surveys120.19.03

8. Overall effect size by age Nrr2r2 Preschool1117.46.21 6-11 351.31.10 12-17 334.22.05 18-21 267.37.14 Adult 57.18.03

9. Experimental effect size by age Nrr2r2 Preschool108.47.22 6-11197.38.15 12-17110.33.11 18-21253.38.14 Adult 48.17.03

10. Survey effect size by age Nrr2r2 Preschool 9.29.09 6-11154.21.04 12-17224.17.03 18-21 14.16.02 Adult 9.23.05

11. Effect size by research method Nrr2r2 All observations1,142.31.10 Experimental designs 732.37.14 Laboratory experiment 586.40.16 Field experiment 97.30.09 Time-series studies 49.19.04 Surveys 410.19.03

12. Effect sizes by program characteristics Nrr2r2 Violent program v. other593.36.13 Violent-erotica v. other30.54.29 Erotic program v. other44.43.19

13. Program type Nrr2r2 Cartoon/fantasy program 41.52.28 Excerpts/behavioral demo159.50.25 Pornography/erotica 70.43.18 Sport show 43.40.16 Action/adventure/crime157.32.11 News/public affairs 95.25.06 Western 34.19.04

14. Treatment type Nrr2r2 Violent program—entire161.32.10 Violent program—excerpts372.35.12 Behavioral demonstration126.53.28

15. Program portrayal condition: viewer left in state of unresolved excitement Nrr2r2 Yes201.40.16 No 55.28.08

16. Viewer identifies with perpetrator, setting, and weapon Nrr2r2 Yes124.45.20 No129.40.16

17. Antisocial behavior rewarded Nrr2r2 Yes146.31.09 No 30.30.09

18. Portrayal justifies antisocial behavior Nrr2r2 Yes122.35.12 No 55.28.08

19. Television exposure measure Nrr2r2 Amount of tv viewing85.18.03 Expressed preference70.16.03 Violent program viewing255.20.04

20. Types of aggressive behavior Nrr2r2 All simulated aggressive behavior 587.33.11 Intensity of using aggressive machines/self-report of intent 515.31.10 Plays with aggressive toys7.52.28 Unclassified simulated aggressive behavior 65.40.16

21. Minor aggressive behavior Nrr2r2 All observations combined 406.31.10 Physical violence against an object 104.52.27 Verbal aggression86.27.07 Physical violence against a person (not illegal) 271.23.05

22. Illegal activities Nrr2r2 All observations combined 94.17.03 Burglary13.28.08 Grand theft23.28.08 Physical violence against a person (homicide, suicide, stabbing, etc.) 58.10.01

23. UW study on race and violence The subjects in the studies, who were instructed to shoot only when the human targets in the game were armed, made more errors when confronted by images of black men carrying objects like cellphones or cameras than when faced with similarly unarmed white men. The participants, who in all but one study were primarily white, were also quicker to fire on black men with guns than on white men with guns.