1. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF INSTRUMENTATION

2. INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVES Accessibility Visibility, illumination and retraction Condition of instruments Maintaining of clean field Instrument stabilization Instrument activation Instrument stroke Scaling and root planing

3. ACCESSIBILITY Position of operator The clinician should be seated on a comfortable operating stool that has been positioned so that- Head is relatively erect. Head in the least strained position vertically and horizontally. Eyes are directed downward in a manner that prevents head and neck strain. Distance from patients mouth to the eyes of clinician should be 14-16 inches.

4. Shoulders are relaxed. Fore arm and wrist are kept in straight line, wrist is neither flexed nor extended. Body weight is completely supported by chair. Back is straight and erect. Thighs should parallel with floor. Feet should flat on the floor.

5. The patient’s chin is at 6 ‘O’ clock. The right handed clinician sits between 9 and 12 ‘O’ clock. The left handed clinician sits on opposite side between 12 to 3 ‘O’ clock.

6. Position of the patient For maxillary arch- The patient should be asked to raise the chin slightly to provide visibility and accessibility. For mandibular arch- It may be necessary to raise the back of chair slightly and request that the patient lower the chin untill the mandible is parallel to the floor.

7. Assistant is seated with eye level 4-6 inches above the clinician’s eye level and facing towards the head of the dental chair.

8. The various positions of the patients on the dental chair- Upright – initial position from which chair position are made. Semiupright- respiratory and cardiovascular patients. Supine- flat position with head and feet are on the same position. Trendlenburg- modified supine position when the head is lower than the heart. The brain is lower than heart and feet slightly elevated.

9. VISIBILITY, ILLUMINATION AND RETRACTION Direct vision and direct illumination from dental light is most desirable. If this is not possible, indirect vision may be obtained by using mouth mirror and indirect illumination may be obtained by using the mirror to reflect the light to where it is needed. Indirect vision and indirect illumination are often used simultaneously.

10. Retraction provides visibility, accessibility and illumination. Fingers and/or mirrors are used for retraction. EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR RETRACTION Use the mirror to deflect the cheek, while the fingers of non operating hand retract the lips and protect the angle of mouth from irritation. Use the mirror alone to retract the lips and cheek. Use the finger of non operating hand to retract the lips. Use mirror to retract the tongue. Combination of the preceding methods.

11. Direct vision and direct illuminationIndirect vision and indirect illumination

12. Indirect illumination

13. Retraction by index finger Retraction by mouth mirror

14. While retracting care should be taken to avoid irritation to the angle of the mouth. If the lips and skin are dry, softening the lips with petroleum jelly before instrumentation is helpful precaution against cracking and bleeding. Careful retraction is especially important for a patient with history of recurrent Herpes Labialis because these patient may easily develop herpatic lesions after instrumentation.

15. CONDITION AND SHARPNESS OF INSTRUMENT Steps in the effective care of instrument Instruments are cleaned after each use by removing blood and debris under running water. The instruments are sharpen regularly and sharpness is checked thereafter. Instruments are sterilized thoroughly.

16. MAINTAINING CLEAN FIELD Operating field is obscured by saliva, blood and debris. To avoid Adequate suction is essential and can be achieved with saliva ejector, aspirator or suction.

17. Blood and debris can be removed by suction or by wiping or blotting with gauze piece. Compressed air and gauze squares can be used to facilitate visual inspection of tooth surfaces just below gingival margin.

18. THANK YOU

19. Q.1. Aerosols are produced by: (A) magnetostrictive scaler (B) Sonic scaler (C) peizo electric scaler (D) all of the above

20. Q.2. Chair position in pregnant patient: (a) supine (b) Semisupine (c) Trendelenberg (d) Left lateral

21. Q.3. Most common used finger for retraction is: (a) Thumb (b) middle finger (c) Index finger (d) Ring finger

22. Q.4. in which trimester of pregnancy the periodontal treatment is considered to be safe: (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) in any of trimester

23. Q.5. The distance from patients mouth to the eyes of the clinician: (a) 12-14 inches (b) 14-16 inches (c) 16-18 inches (d) 18-20 inches