1. Optimal Power Flow- Basic Requirements For Real Life Their Problems And Solutions

2.  In power system context Load Flow study is steady state solution of the power system network.  Load flow solution is the primary requirement for designing a new power system and for planning an extension of the existing one for increasing demand.  The variation of active and reactive powers depend on voltage magnitude and frequency deviations of the system. INTRODUCTION

3. What is a power system? 3 Generators Loads Power Transmission Network

4. Types of Buses The buses in power system are mainly classified into the following categories. 1.PQ bus 2.PV bus or Generator bus or Voltage Controlled bus 3.Slack Bus/Swing bus/Reference bus

5. Generator Operating Cost The factors influencing power generation at minimum cost are operating efficiencies of generators, cost of fuel, and transmission losses. The most efficient generator of the system doesn’t guarantee minimum cost.

6. LOAD MODELING The power system engineer bases choices concerning system reinforcements and system performance in large part on the outputs of power flow and stability simulation studies. 1.Static Load Models 2.Dynamic Load Models 3.Composite Load Models

7. Advantages of Load Modeling in OPF Actual calculation of active and reactive power demand at respective buses. Variation of power demand with voltage enables better control capacity. Control of over and under voltage at load buses. Minimization of losses. Improvement in voltage profile. Reduction of Incremental Fuel Cost.

8. Control variables Control variables which have a cost:  Active power production of thermal generating units: Control variables that do not have a cost:  Magnitude of voltage at the generating units:  Tap ratio of the transformers: 8

9. Sudden changes in the system A line is disconnected because of an insulation failure or a lightning strike A generator is disconnected because of a mechanical problem A transformer blows up The system must keep going despite such events 9

10. Purpose of Load Flow Analysis Voltage magnitudes and angles at all nodes of the feeder. Line flow in each line section specified in Kilo Watt (KW) and KVAr, amperes and degrees or amperes and power factor. Loss of power in each line section. Total feeder input Kilo Watt (KW) and KVAr. Total feeder power losses.

11. Applications of the power flow problem Check the state of the network  for an actual or postulated set of injections  for an actual or postulated network configuration Are all the line flows within limits? Are all the voltage magnitudes within limits? 11