1. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government C H A P T E R 3 The Constitution

2. 123 Go To Section: The Constitution C H A P T E R 3 The Constitution SECTION 1 The Six Basic Principles SECTION 2 Formal Amendment SECTION 3 Informal Amendment Chapter 3 2222 3333 1111

3. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 3, Section 1 The Six Basic Principles S E C T I O N 1 The Six Basic Principles What are the important elements of the Constitution? What are the six basic principles of the Constitution? 2222 3333

4. 123 Go To Section: Constitution “The Supreme Law of the Land” Highest form of law in the United States

5. 123 Go To Section: An Outline of the Constitution  7,000 words  Few details  Organized in a simple straightforward way.  Tells the way:  that the federal government is organized,  how the leaders are selected,  the procedures they must follow as they perform their duties,  sets the limits within which government can operate.  Outlines how politics run… helps determine who wins and loses

6. 123 Go To Section: How the constitution is divided  Preamble: states the purpose of the Constitution  7 Articles #1 Creates the Legislative Branch #2 Creates the Executive Branch #3 Creates the Judicial Branch #4 Relations among the States #5 Process of Amending the Constitution #6 National debts; constitution as supremacy of national law, and oaths of office #7 Ratifying the Constitution  27 Amendments  First ten are called “The Bill of Rights”

7. 123 Go To Section: 6 principles of the Constitution The constitution is built around 6 basic principles 1.Popular sovereignty 2.Limited government 3.Separation of powers 4.Checks and balances 5.Judicial review 6.Federalism

8. 123 Go To Section: #1 POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY People are the ONLY source of any and all government power Government can exist only with the consent of the government [approval of the people] That’s why it starts with: “We the people of the United States…do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of America.” People give the government power through the Constitution -----> government exercises powers through the elected leaders that are chosen by the people to represent them.

9. 123 Go To Section: How does this cartoon show popular sovereignty?

10. 123 Go To Section: #2 LIMITED GOVERNMENT No government is all-powerful Government is restricted in what it may do and it can only do those things that the people have given it the power to do Government must obey the law- called constitutionalism… government must be conducted according to constitutional principles  also known as rule of the law… meaning that government and its officers are always subject to, and never above, the law. Each individual has rights that government cannot take away.

11. 123 Go To Section: How does this cartoon show limited government?

12. 123 Go To Section: #3 SEPERATION OF POWERS Principle in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government are three independent and coequal branches of government. We divide up the power between Congress [the legislative], the President [the executive], and the courts [the judicial]  Each branch has its own article that outlines their duties  Legislative: they make the laws  Executive: law-executing, law-enforcing, law- administering  Judicial: interpret and apply the laws in cases brought before them

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14. 123 How does this cartoon show separation of powers?

15. 123 Go To Section: #4 CHECKS AND BALANCES System that allows the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to check, or restrain, the actions of one another

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17. 123 How does this cartoon show checks and balances?

18. 123 Go To Section: #5 JUDICIAL REVIEW Consists of the power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action.  If the courts declare something as unconstitutional- they’re saying its illegal, null and void, or no force or effect…meaning that government action is violating the constitution Talked about my Alexander Hamilton in The Federalist Papers In a famous court case; Marbury v. Madison 1803- Supreme court established power of judicial review Since 1803… Supreme court has found 150 cases in which an act of part of an act of Congress was unconstitutional

19. 123 Go To Section: How does this cartoon show judicial review?

20. 123 Go To Section: #6 FEDERALISM A system of government in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments Power is divided between the federal government and then between the 50 states because they wanted to limit the power of the central government  Framers of the constitution were convinced that 1.Governmental power poses a threat to individual liberty 2.So exercise of governmental power needs to be restrained 3.So divided governmental power is to prevent abuse of power

21. 123 Go To Section: How power is divided

22. 123 Go To Section: How does this cartoon show federalism?

23. 123 Go To Section: Section 1 Review 1. Which of the following principles includes the power of the courts to determine whether a governmental action is constitutional or not? (a) Checks and balances (b) Judicial Review (c) Separation of Powers (d) Federalism 2. The principle of popular sovereignty asserts that the (a) government should be divided into three branches. (b) monarch is the supreme ruler. (c) means of production should be owned by the proletariat. (d) people are the source of any and all government power. Chapter 3, Section 1 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2222 3333

24. 123 Go To Section: Formal Amendment S E C T I O N 2 Formal Amendment What are the different ways to formally amend, or change the wording of, the Constitution? How many times has the Constitution been amended? What is the Bill of Rights? Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111

25. 123 Go To Section: Changes in America Through Time 1789: Four million people scattered over 1,300 miles of the Eastern border Agricultural nation 13 states Transportation via horseback and sailing ships 2012 Over 300 million people across whole continent Most powerful nation Highly industrialized/technological 50 states

26. 123 Go To Section: Durability of the Constitution How has the Constitution, written in 1789, endure and kept pace with these changes and growth? Answer:  Constitution of today is the same as that of 1789…. Same words, same meanings…. Just some new words have been added………..  The process of constitutional change, of modification and growth, happens in one of two ways: 1. Formal amendment 2. Informal means

27. 123 Go To Section: Amending the Constitution The Constitution provides for its own amendment—that is, for changes in its written words…it explain how to make changes to itself Article V sets out two methods for the proposal and two methods for the ratification of constitutional amendments, creating four possible methods of formal amendment. Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111

28. 123 Go To Section: Formal Amendment Formal Amendment is the changes or additions that become part of the written language of the Constitution itself Framers didn’t want to make it easy to change the constitution- So they came up with four hard ways to do it.

29. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111 Formal Amendment Process The four different ways by which amendments may be added to the Constitution are shown here:

30. 123 Go To Section: METHOD #1 Proposed by two- thirds vote of each house of Congress Ratified by three fourths of State Legislatures

31. 123 Go To Section: METHOD #2 Proposed by two-thirds vote of each house of Congress Ratified by conventions in three-fourths of states

32. 123 Go To Section: METHOD #3 Proposed by national convention called by Congress at request of two thirds of state legislatures Ratified by three- fourths of state legislatures

33. 123 Go To Section: METHOD #4 Proposed by national convention called by Congress at request of two thirds of state legislatures Ratified by conventions in three fourths of states

34. 123 Go To Section: Formal Amendment Process Highlights Constitutional Principles Formal Amendment process works on two basic principles of the Constitution: 1. Federalism  Proposal always takes place at the national level  Ratification always takes place at the state level 2. Popular Sovereignty  When an amendment is proposed, its voted on by the people… so the action represents the expression of the people’s sovereign will!

35. 123 Go To Section: Some were a FLOP! Since 1789, 15,000 resolutions for amendments have been sent to Congress…. Only 33 passed votes in the two houses and made it to State legislatures… of those, only 27 passed! Some that were proposed, and didn’t pass…. 1789: Distribution of seats in the House of Representatives 1810: Voided citizenship of anyone who had any foreign title or honor. 1861: Prohibited forever any amendment relating to slavery 1924: Give Congress power to regulate child labor 1972: Equal Rights of Women [ERA] to give equality of rights under the law to women 1978: Give District of Columbia Seats in Congress

36. 123 Go To Section: Amendments to the Constitution Collectively, the first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights. They set out many of our basic freedoms. Chapter 3, Section 2 3333 1111

37. 123 Go To Section: Section 2 Review 1. A formal amendment (a) changes the Constitution by passing laws. (b) changes the written language of the Constitution itself. (c) allows States to secede from the United States. (d) none of the above. 2. Many of the basic rights of citizens are constitutionally guaranteed in (a) English common law. (b) the Declaration of Independence. (c) the Magna Carta. (d) the Bill of Rights. Chapter 3, Section 2 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 3333 1111

38. 123 Go To Section: Chapter 3, Section 3 Informal Amendment S E C T I O N 3 Informal Amendment How has basic legislation changed the Constitution over time? What powers do the executive branch and the courts have to amend the Constitution? What role do party politics and custom have in shaping the Federal Government? 2222 1111

39. 123 Go To Section: Many changes and interpretations have been made to the Constitution that have not involved any changed in its written words

40. 123 Go To Section: Informal Amendment Processes The informal amendment process can take place by: (1) The passage of basic legislation by Congress; (2) Actions taken by the President; (3) Key decisions of the Supreme Court; (4) The activities of political parties; and (5) Custom and usage Informal amendment is the process by which over time many changes have been made in the Constitution which have not involved any changes in its written word. Chapter 3, Section 3 2222 1111

41. 123 Go To Section: #1 Basic legislation by Congress: 2 ways 1) Passed laws that clarify several of the Constitution’s brief provisions Ex: Article III, Section I only talks about having a Supreme Court and “such inferior courts a the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish”…. Congress passed the Judiciary Act in 1789 ad since then, has created all the federal courts…. 2) Congress has added to the Constitution by the way in which it has used many of its powers Ex: Constitution says that Congress has the power to “regulate foreign and interstate commerce.”…Congress has passed thousands of laws about this so that they expanded the words of the Constitution

42. 123 Go To Section: #2 Executive Action Presidential actions such as the use of the military under the power of commander in chief. Presidents add on to “executive power” based on what they think it means…. Thomas Jefferson took it to mean he can buy more land for the U.S. with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, even though the Constitution doesn’t say he could An executive agreement is a pact made by the President directly with the head of a foreign state and they do not need to be approved by Senate… A treaty is a formal agreement between two or more sovereign states that needs to be approved by Senate

43. 123 Go To Section: #3 Court Decisions The nation’s courts, most importantly the United States Supreme Court, interpret and apply the Constitution in many cases they hear.

44. 123 Go To Section: #4 Party Practices No mention of parties in the Constitution Ex: No method for nominating a person for the presidency Since 1830s, parties have held national conventions to do that Changed the purpose of the electoral college Congress conducts its business on the basis of parties President makes appointments to office based on parties

45. 123 Go To Section: #5 Custom and Usage Custom: A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time. Examples: Heads of the 15 executive departments make up the Cabinet Senate approves the presidential appointments who are acceptable to the senator or senators of the President’s party from the State involved “No-third term tradition” was started by George Washington and followed for over 150 years until 1940 and 1944 when President Roosevelt won a third and fourth term…so they added the 22 nd Amendment limiting the President to two terms only Chapter 3, Section 3 2222 1111

46. 123 Go To Section: Section 3 Review 1. Name two of the five methods by which we can informally amend the Constitution. 2. Define “executive agreement”. Chapter 3, Section 3 Want to connect to the Magruder’s link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2222 1111

47. 123 Go To Section: What is the difference between an executive agreement and a treaty Define what we mean by basic legislation Define what we mean by executive action Define what we mean by court decisions Define what we mean by party practices Define what we mean by custom and usage Give an example of _______