1. SPRING FROST RISK IN ORCHARDS - FORECAST AND PROTECTION METHODS CNR-Institute of Biometeorology Bologna Meteorological Service Regione Emilia Romagna Federica Rossi, Franco Zinoni

2. Scarring, distortion, russet Spring frosts: when temperature falls below the melting point (0°c) sensitive crops can be injured Style, ovary, petals necrosis Dehydration, brown tissues

3. Whether or not there is frost damage at a particular minimum temperature plant species, crop variety, hardening, cultural practices (pruning, fertilization, irrigation), presence of INA bacteria, weather conditions.

4. Most countries with temperate climates experience frost damage to crops and even tropical countries can have frost damage at high elevations. Coffee region

5. Farmers have been always cohabiting with such a meteorological hazard

6. More sensibile cvs Cultural practices Climate change: higher winter temperatures early blooming. Increase of low-temperature episodes in spring Now…. Needs to protect local and traditional crops (sustainable- GAP)

7. Average economic losses due to the occurrence of late frosts - Emilia Romagna 300 M Euros 38% Gross Production Value 65 M Euros 50 % Gross Production Value

8. Define meteo & micrometeorological conditions during frost events Develop knowledge and instruments able to evaluate the risk Define the more appropriate methods for protection in relation to the climatic hazard and sustainable resources management Communicate to farmers how to avoid or mitigate the detrimental effects (active-passive protection) How to improve frost protection ?

9. Passive protection (low-cost – high-benefits) Awareness of the meteorological risk Selection of low-risk sites Avoid low-spots, select slope orientation Planting species and cvs blooming later in the spring Maintain soil water content to obtain high thermal diffusitivity Minimizing or removing cover crops Proper pruning, nutritional management

10. Active protection (high costs) Awareness of the meteorological risk Selection of the appropriate protection method: Crop Location Climate Costs Effectiveness Efficiency Risk

11. High effectiveness (all kind of freezing) Low efficiency Active protection High consumption rates (50 % of efficiency) Expensive to operate (2000 /ha/night) Total efficiency is proportional to the number of heaters and depending on the air temperature Heaters

12. Active protection Break up of b.l. – mixing of warm air aloft with surface colder air Effectiveness: radiative frosts Efficiency: low labour requirement, low operational costs (10 /ha/h) but high capital cost and high standby charges. Possible in every location. Environmental friend, but noise pollution Wind machines

13. Active protection Water freezing: when 1 Kg of water freezes at 0°C, the phase change converts 334 kJ of latent to sensible heat Efficiency: Low operational costs. High installation costs but sprinklers can be used for irrigation, fertilizer applications, evaporative cooling…Disadvantages: large amounts of water needed Over-plant sprinklers Under-plant sprinklers

14. Uniform application, continuous and adequate water amounts. Problems under windy conditions. Errors in operating (late starting, early stopping, accidental interruptions) can induce major damages Over-plant sprinklers

15. Under-plant sprinklers The goal is to maintain the wetted cover crop temperature near 0°C

16. Efficiency: Intermittency low amounts of water (higher sustainability, lower costs). The same sprinklers can be used for irrigation. Useful to protect large surfaces Effectiveness: Radiation frosts

17. Meteorological Base S.Pietro Capofiume 44°65N – 11° 62E 11 m a.s.l. Test- site for microclimatic characterization to identify the atmospheric features correlated to frost events

18. 22.5 cm 50 cm 100 cm 200 cm 400 cm

19. Radiation frosts: calm wind - clear sky: heat is lost in form of radiant energy. Temperature falls faster near the surface causing a temperature inversion ATMOSPHERE STATUS - CLOUD COVER ARE THE MAIN FACTORS CONDITIONING SPRING FROSTS To optimize orchard protection, it is important to understand the interaction between radiation and turbulent processes in complex canopies.

20. Evaluation of the effectiveness in orchards: Micrometeorological observations - energy and radiation balances Air and plant tissue temperatures

21. + 3°C Irrigated Non irrigated Temperature °C Height (cm)

22. Under-canopy irrigation: the temperature of the lower part of the canopy becomes higher because of the release of latent heat. Bud t (under- canopy irrigation Bud t (over- canopy irrigation)

24. WHY FARMERS NEED PREVISIONS ? 10% damage kiwi apricotpeachi pea ri apricot Awareness of the risk Active protection What a probability for a frost occuring tonight? Can the thermal levels predicted compromize my crops at this stage ? Shall I activate my protection devices? What will be the ratio cost sustained/cost of the possible damage?

25. Frost forecasting target 7 – 2 days forecast EPS 2 – 1 day EPS-Kf < 12 hrs Nowcasting Reclamation consortiums to make water available Farmers to dispose protection devices Alert to activate and optimize protection

27. Rischio gelo nelle prossime notti Riceviamo dall'ARPA-SMR e diffondiamo il seguente bollettino ARPA - Servizio Meteorologico Venerdì 4 aprile 2003 Speciale Bollettino Agrometeorologico per Rischio Gelate. A seguito della perturbazione che ha interessato la regione a partire da Mercoledì 2 Aprile e prodotto piogge diffuse ed un notevole calo delle temperature massime, è previsto larrivo di aria fredda e secca da nord-est che apporterà condizioni di cielo sereno o poco nuvoloso. Queste condizioni sono favorevoli a forti abbassamenti termici dovuti sia allarrivo di aria fredda (avvezione) che alla perdita di calore dal terreno durante la notte (irraggiamento). Nei prossimi giorni sono quindi previste intense gelate. La temperatura dovrebbe scendere al di sotto dello zero nella notte tra Domenica 6 e Lunedì 7, ma i valori potrebbero essere ancora più bassi nella notte successiva, tra Lunedì 7 e Martedì 8

28. Awareness of the risk Passive protection Selection of low-risk sites !!!! WHY FARMERS NEED PREVISIONS ? Crop selection

29. A regional topoclimatic model including phenological and growth models is under development to be used operationally Definition of the risk maps for the different crops Weekly agrometeorological bullettins Climatic regional data-base for land capability

30. Topoclimatic analysis to create frost risk maps as a tool for agricultural land planning and site selections Climatologic componentGeographical component Spatial interpolations of previsional data from meteo models Frost index values for the different species Generation of DEM: Plan & hill domains Correlation analysis between orography and climatic variables Minimum temperature prediction maps Correlation between frost indexes and minimum temperatures Biological component

31. Needs: to improve accuracy and resolution of DEM take into account other meteo variables affecting frost more and proper distributed meteo stations remote sensing imagery to retrieve night surface temperature maps

32. Thank you