1. Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computers: Tools for an Information Age Chapter 10 Security and Privacy: Computers and the Internet

2. 2Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Objectives Explain the different types of computer crime and the difficulties of discovery and prosecution Describe the aspects of securing corporate data, including software and data security, disaster recovery plans, and security legislation Describe in general terms how viruses work, the damage they can cause, and procedures used to prevent this damage Explain the threats to personal privacy posed by computers and the Internet. Describe actions you can take to maximize your privacy

3. 3Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Security and Privacy Security – data stored on computer must be kept safe Privacy – private data must be kept from prying eyes

4. 4Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Crime Hacker – someone who attempts to gain access to computer systems illegally Originally referred to as someone with a high degree of computer expertise Originally referred to as someone with a high degree of computer expertise Social engineering – a tongue-in-cheek term for con artist actions Social engineering – a tongue-in-cheek term for con artist actions Persuade people to give away password Persuade people to give away password information information Cracker – someone who uses the computer to engage in illegal activity

5. 5Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Crime Most commonly reported categories Credit card fraud Credit card fraud Data communications fraud Data communications fraud Unauthorized access to computer files Unauthorized access to computer files Unlawful copying of copyrighted software Unlawful copying of copyrighted software

6. 6Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Methods Computer Criminals Use Bomb Data diddling Data diddling Denial of service attacks Denial of service attacks Piggybacking Salami technique Salami technique Scavenging Trapdoor Trojan horse Trojan horse Zapping

7. 7Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Bomb Causes a program to trigger damage under certain conditions Usually set to go off at a later date Usually set to go off at a later date Sometimes planted in commercial software Shareware is more prone to having a bomb planted in it Shareware is more prone to having a bomb planted in it Return

8. 8Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Data Diddling Refers to changing data before or as it enters the system Auditors must verify accuracy of the source data as well as the processing that occurs Return

9. 9Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Denial of Service Attack Hackers bombard a site with more requests than it can possibly handle Prevents legitimate users from accessing the site Prevents legitimate users from accessing the site Hackers can cause attacks to come from many different sites simultaneously Hackers can cause attacks to come from many different sites simultaneously Return

10. 10Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Piggybacking An illicit user “rides” into the system on the back of an authorized user If the user does not exit the system properly, the intruder can continue where the original user has left off If the user does not exit the system properly, the intruder can continue where the original user has left off Always log out of any system you log into Return

11. 11Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Salami Technique An embezzlement technique where small “slices” of money are funneled into accounts Return

12. 12Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Scavenging Searching company trash cans and dumpsters for lists of information Thieves will search garbage and recycling bins of individuals looking for bank account numbers, credit card numbers, etc. Thieves will search garbage and recycling bins of individuals looking for bank account numbers, credit card numbers, etc. Shred documents that contain personal information Return

13. 13Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Trapdoor An illicit program left within a completed legitimate program Allows subsequent unauthorized and unknown entry by the perpetrator to make changes to the program Allows subsequent unauthorized and unknown entry by the perpetrator to make changes to the program Return

14. 14Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Trojan Horse Involves illegal instructions placed in the middle of a legitimate program Program does something useful, but the Trojan horse instructions do something destructive in the background Program does something useful, but the Trojan horse instructions do something destructive in the background Return

15. 15Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Zapping Refers to a variety of software designed to bypass all security systems Return

16. 16Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall White-Hat Hackers Hackers that are paid by a company to break into that company’s computer systems Expose security holes and flaws before criminals find them Expose security holes and flaws before criminals find them Once exposed, flaws can be fixed Once exposed, flaws can be fixed

17. 17Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Discovery and Prosecution Crimes are often undetected When they are detected, they are often not reported When they are detected, they are often not reported Prosecution is difficult Law enforcement agencies and prosecutors are ill- equipped to handle computer crime Law enforcement agencies and prosecutors are ill- equipped to handle computer crime Judges and juries often don’t understand computer crime Judges and juries often don’t understand computer crime Congress passed the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to increase awareness of computer crime

18. 18Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Forensics Uncovering computer-stored information suitable for use as evidence in courts of law Restores files and/or e-mail messages that someone has deleted Restores files and/or e-mail messages that someone has deleted Some experts are available for hire, but most are on the staffs of police departments and law firms

19. 19Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Security: Playing It Safe Security – a system of safeguards Protects system and data from deliberate or accidental damage Protects system and data from deliberate or accidental damage Protects system and data from unauthorized access Protects system and data from unauthorized access

20. 20Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Controlling Access Four means of controlling who has access to the computer What you have What you have What you have What you have What you know What you know What you know What you know What you do What you do What you do What you do What you are What you are What you are What you are

21. 21Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall What You Have Requires you to have some device to gain access to the computer Badge, key, or card to give you physical access to the computer room or a locked terminal Badge, key, or card to give you physical access to the computer room or a locked terminal Debit card with a magnetic strip gives you access to your bank account at an ATM Debit card with a magnetic strip gives you access to your bank account at an ATM Active badge broadcasts your location by sending out radio signals Active badge broadcasts your location by sending out radio signals Return

22. 22Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall What You Know Requires you to know something to gain access Password and login name give you access to computer system Password and login name give you access to computer system Cipher locks on doors require you to know the combination to get in Cipher locks on doors require you to know the combination to get in Return

23. 23Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall What You Do Software can verify scanned and online signatures Return

24. 24Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall What You Are Uses biometrics – the science of measuring body characteristics Uses fingerprinting, voice pattern, retinal scan, etc. to identify a person Uses fingerprinting, voice pattern, retinal scan, etc. to identify a person Can combine fingerprinting and reading a smart card to authenticate Return

25. 25Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall A Disaster Recovery Plan A method of restoring computer processing operations and data files in the event of major destruction Several approaches Manual services Manual services Buying time at a service bureau Buying time at a service bureau Consortium Consortium Consortium Plan should include priorities for restoring programs, plans for notifying employees, and procedures for handling data in a different environment

26. 26Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall A Consortium A joint venture among firms to support a complete computer facility Used only in the event of a disaster Used only in the event of a disaster Hot site – a fully equipped computer center Hot site – a fully equipped computer center Cold site – an empty shell in which a company can install its own computer system Cold site – an empty shell in which a company can install its own computer system Return

27. 27Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Software Security Who owns custom-made software? What prevents a programmer from taking a copy of the program? Answer is well established If the programmer is employed by the company, the software belongs to the company If the programmer is employed by the company, the software belongs to the company If the programmer is a consultant, ownership of the software should be specified in the contract If the programmer is a consultant, ownership of the software should be specified in the contract

28. 28Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Data Security Several techniques can be taken to prevent theft or alteration of data Secured waste Secured waste Internal controls Internal controls Auditor checks Auditor checks Applicant screening Applicant screening Passwords Passwords Built-in software protection Built-in software protection

29. 29Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Personal Computer Security Physical security of hardware Secure hardware in place with locks and cables Secure hardware in place with locks and cables Avoid eating, drinking, and smoking around computers Avoid eating, drinking, and smoking around computers

30. 30Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Protecting Disk Data Use a surge protector to prevent electrical problems from affecting data files Uninterruptible power supply includes battery backup Provides battery power in the event power is lost Provides battery power in the event power is lost Allows users to save work and close files properly Allows users to save work and close files properly Back up files regularly

31. 31Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Backing Up Files Back up to tape drive, CD-RW, or DVD- RAM You can use software that automatically backs up at a certain type of day You can use software that automatically backs up at a certain type of day Disk mirroring Makes second copy of everything you put on disk to another hard disk Makes second copy of everything you put on disk to another hard disk

32. 32Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Types of Backup Three types of backup Full backup – copies everything from the hard drive Full backup – copies everything from the hard drive Differential backup – copies all files that have been changed since the last full backup Differential backup – copies all files that have been changed since the last full backup Incremental backup – copies only those files that have been changed since either the last full backup or the last incremental backup Incremental backup – copies only those files that have been changed since either the last full backup or the last incremental backup Comprehensive backup plan involves periodic full backups, complemented by more frequent incremental or differential backups

33. 33Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Pests Worm Virus

34. 34Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Worm A program that transfers itself from computer to computer Plants itself as a separate file on the target computer’s disks Plants itself as a separate file on the target computer’s disks Fairly rare Fairly rare SQL Slammer worm disabled many Web servers in January 2003 Return

35. 35Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Virus A set of illicit instructions that passes itself on to other files Transmitting a virus Transmitting a virus Transmitting a virus Transmitting a virus Can cause tremendous damage to computer and data files Can cause tremendous damage to computer and data files damage to computer damage to computer Can be prevented Can be prevented Can be prevented Can be prevented Common computer myths Common computer myths Common computer myths Common computer myths Return

36. 36Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Transmitting a Virus Viral instructions inserted into a game or file Typically distributed via the Web or e-mail Typically distributed via the Web or e-mail Users download the file onto their computers Every time the user opens that file, virus is loaded into memory As other files are loaded into memory, they become infected As other files are loaded into memory, they become infected Return

37. 37Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Damage from Viruses Some are benign, but many cause serious damage Some attach themselves to operating systems, where they can affect how the computer works Some attach themselves to operating systems, where they can affect how the computer works Some delete data files or attempt to reformat your hard disk Some delete data files or attempt to reformat your hard disk Macro virus uses a program’s own programming language to distribute itself Macro virus uses a program’s own programming language to distribute itself Organizations and individuals spend billions of dollars defending computers against viruses Return

38. 38Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Virus Prevention Antivirus software Detects virus signature Detects virus signature Scans hard disk every time you boot the computer Scans hard disk every time you boot the computer Viruses tend to show up on free software or software downloaded from the Internet Use antivirus software to scan files before you load them on your computer Use antivirus software to scan files before you load them on your computer Often distributed as e-mail attachments Do not open e-mail attachments without scanning them or if you do not know the person sending the e- mail Do not open e-mail attachments without scanning them or if you do not know the person sending the e- mail Return

39. 39Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Virus Myths You cannot get infected by simply being online If you download and execute an infected file, you can get infected If you download and execute an infected file, you can get infected Although most e-mail viruses are in attachments that must be opened, it is possible to get infected by viewing an e-mail You cannot get infected from data If graphics files include a viewer, that program could contain a virus If graphics files include a viewer, that program could contain a virus Return

40. 40Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Protecting Your Privacy Data you give to organizations is often sold or rented to other organizations Massive databases make it easy and inexpensive to learn almost anything about anybody Massive databases make it easy and inexpensive to learn almost anything about anybody LegislationLegislation exists to protect your privacy Legislation

41. 41Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Privacy Legislation Fair Credit Reporting Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Freedom of Information Act Freedom of Information Act Federal Privacy Act Federal Privacy Act Video Privacy Protection Act Video Privacy Protection Act Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

42. 42Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Fair Credit Reporting Act Gives you access to your credit information Must be provided free if you have been denied credit Must be provided free if you have been denied credit Gives you the right to challenge your credit records Return

43. 43Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Freedom of Information Act Allows ordinary citizens to have access to data gathered about them by federal agencies Return

44. 44Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Federal Privacy Act Stipulates there can be no secret personal files Individuals must know what is stored in files about them and how the data will be used Organizations must be able to justify the need to obtain information Return

45. 45Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Video Privacy Protection Act Prevents retailers from disclosing a person’s video rental records without a court order Return

46. 46Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act Prevents the government from comparing certain records in an attempt to find a match Return

47. 47Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Governs the security of health information records Requires employers, health care providers, and insurance companies to take steps to protect employees’ medical records Return

48. 48Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Security and Privacy Problems on the Internet With so many people on the Internet, how do you keep data secure? Several approaches Using a firewall Using a firewall Using a firewall Using a firewall Encryption Encryption Encryption Privacy issues Being monitored Being monitored Being monitored Being monitored Junk e-mail Junk e-mail Junk e-mail Junk e-mail

49. 49Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall A Firewall A combination of hardware and software that sits between an organization’s network and the Internet All traffic between the two goes through the firewall All traffic between the two goes through the firewall Protects the organization from unauthorized access Protects the organization from unauthorized access Can prevent internal users from accessing inappropriate Internet sites Can prevent internal users from accessing inappropriate Internet sites Return

50. 50Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Encryption Scrambling data so that it can only be read by a computer with the appropriate key Encryption key converts the message into an unreadable form Encryption key converts the message into an unreadable form Message can be decrypted only by someone with the proper key Message can be decrypted only by someone with the proper key Private key encryption – senders and receivers share the same key Public key encryption – encryption software generates the key Return

51. 51Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Being Monitored Employers can monitor employees’ e-mail, use of the Internet, and count the number of keystrokes per minute Employees are often unaware they are being monitored Employees are often unaware they are being monitored Web sites can easily collect information when a user just visits the site Web sites use cookies to store your preferences Web sites use cookies to store your preferencescookies Return

52. 52Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Cookies A small text file stored on your hard drive File is sent back to the server each time you visit that site Stores preferences, allowing Web site to be customized Stores preferences, allowing Web site to be customized Stores passwords, allowing you to visit multiple pages within the site without logging in to each one Stores passwords, allowing you to visit multiple pages within the site without logging in to each one Tracks surfing habits, targeting you for specific types of advertisements Tracks surfing habits, targeting you for specific types of advertisements Return

53. 53Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Spamming Mass advertising via e-mail Can overflow your e-mail inbox Can overflow your e-mail inbox Bogs down your e-mail server, increasing the cost of e-mail service Bogs down your e-mail server, increasing the cost of e-mail service Preventing spam Preventing spam Return

54. 54Copyright © 2003 by Prentice Hall Preventing Spam Many ways you can minimize junk e-mail Be careful how you give out your e-mail address Be careful how you give out your e-mail address Filtering software allows you to block messages or send them to designated folders Filtering software allows you to block messages or send them to designated folders Don’t register at Web sites without a promise the Web site will not sell your information Don’t register at Web sites without a promise the Web site will not sell your information NEVER respond to spam NEVER respond to spam Antispamming legislation is being proposed in many states Return