1. University of Notre Dame Department of Risk Management and Safety 2014 Radiation Safety Refresher Training

2. INTRODUCTION Lessons 1-5 will provide a review of some general knowledge of radiation with which all radioactive material and radiation producing machines should be familiar. Lessons 1-5 will provide a review of some general knowledge of radiation with which all radioactive material and radiation producing machines should be familiar. Lessons 6-14 address specific safety practices and procedures applicable to laboratories at Notre Dame Lessons 6-14 address specific safety practices and procedures applicable to laboratories at Notre Dame

3. Lesson 1 Forms of Radiation

4. Forms of Ionizing Radiation radiation includes emissions with energies greater than 20 electron volts that cause ionizations when interacting with matter. Ionizing radiation includes emissions with energies greater than 20 electron volts that cause ionizations when interacting with matter. Sources of ionizing radiation at Notre Dame include: Particulate Radiation − Alpha − Beta Photon Radiation − Gamma − X-Ray

5. BETA RADIATION BETA RADIATION –Consists of an electron –Very small size moving at up to 99% the speed of light –Hazard depends on decay energy of isotope ALPHA RADIATION ALPHA RADIATION –Consists of two protons and two neutrons (helium nucleus) –Massive size, moving at 80% the speed of light –Internal Hazard Particulate Radiation

6. Examples of Beta Emitters H-3: Energy max = 19 Kev: Internal Hazard H-3: Energy max = 19 Kev: Internal Hazard C-14: Energy max = 160 Kev: Internal Hazard C-14: Energy max = 160 Kev: Internal Hazard S-35: Energy max = 170 Kev: Internal Hazard S-35: Energy max = 170 Kev: Internal Hazard P-32: Energy max = 1700 Kev: Internal and external hazard P-32: Energy max = 1700 Kev: Internal and external hazard −The lower energy beta emitters are less penetrating and present less of a hazard. The concerns with these isotopes is primarily associated with internal exposure due to ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption −Higher energy beta emitters are more penetrating and present both internal and external hazards

7. Photon Radiation GAMMA RADIATION GAMMA RADIATION –A wave radiation consisting of a photon –Travels at the speed of light –Created in the nucleus of the atom X-RAYS X-RAYS –A wave radiation consisting of a photon –Travels at the speed of light –Created in the electron shell of the atom

8. Examples of Gamma Emitters I-125: Energy max = 35 Kev: Internal/External Hazard I-125: Energy max = 35 Kev: Internal/External Hazard Cs-137: Energy max = 662 Kev: Internal/External Hazard Cs-137: Energy max = 662 Kev: Internal/External Hazard −Gamma Emitters have no mass and are very penetrating −All gamma emitting isotopes and are considered both internal and external hazards

9. Bremsstrahlung Radiation − Literally: breaking radiation − Electromagnetic radiation produced when an electrically charged particle is slowed down by the electric field of an atomic nucleus − Example: The beta particle emitted by a P-32 atom will interact with lead to give off an x-ray − Bremsstrahlung production must be considered when planning the shielding of high energy beta emitters 0 0 e- X- ray e-

10. Lesson 2 Units of Radioactivity

11. Units of Radioactivity The Curie (Ci) – Commonly used in the United States 1 Ci = 3.7E10 disintegrations per second 1 Ci = 2.2E12 disintegrations per minute 1 Ci = 1000 millicurie (mCi) = 1,000,000 microcurie (uCi) The Becquerel (Bq) - International Unit 1 Bq= 1 disintegration per second 1 MBq= 1,000,000 disintegrations per second 1 GBq= 1,000,000,000 disintegrations per second 1 Bq = 2.7E-8 mCi

12. RAD The RAD is the unit commonly used in the United States for Absorbed Dose (D) It is determined by the Energy that is actually deposited in matter 1 Rad = 100 ergs of deposited energy per gram of absorber Gray International Unit for Absorbed Dose 1 Gray = 100 Rads Units of Radioactivity

13. REM The REM is the unit commonly used in the United States for the Dose Equivalent The REM is the unit commonly used in the United States for the Dose Equivalent Determined by Multiplying the absorbed dose (D) times a quality factor (Q) Determined by Multiplying the absorbed dose (D) times a quality factor (Q) Q equals 1 for beta, gamma and x-rays, Q equals 1 for beta, gamma and x-rays, 5-20 for neutrons, and 20 for alpha 5-20 for neutrons, and 20 for alphaSievert International Unit for absorbed dose International Unit for absorbed dose 1 Sievert = 100 REM Units of Radioactivity

14. Most labs at Notre Dame will use only beta, gamma and/or x-ray emitters Most labs at Notre Dame will use only beta, gamma and/or x-ray emitters The Quality factor for these forms of radiation is equal to 1 Therefore the Rad is equal to the Rem If your lab is one of the few using alpha, remember that the QF is 20. Therefore, one Rad of alpha is equal to 20 Rem. Exposure reports are documented in mREM Exposure reports are documented in mREM 1 REM = 1,000 mREM Units of Radioactivity

15. Lesson 3 Half Life

16. Half Life The half life of a materials is the time required for 1/2 of the radioactive atoms to decay The half life of a materials is the time required for 1/2 of the radioactive atoms to decay The half life is a distinct value for each radioisotope The half life is a distinct value for each radioisotope

17. Half Life of Selected Radioisotopes Flourine-18: 109.8 minutes Flourine-18: 109.8 minutes Phosphorus-32:14.3 days Phosphorus-32:14.3 days Tritium:12.3 years Tritium:12.3 years Carbon-14:5,730 years Carbon-14:5,730 years Uranium:4,500,000,000 years Uranium:4,500,000,000 years

18. Example of Half Life You receive a shipment of 250 µ Ci of P-32 You receive a shipment of 250 µ Ci of P-32 –The half life of P-32 is 14.3 days If you do not use the P-32 until 14.3 days after receiving the material, you will only have 125 µ Ci left If you do not use the P-32 until 14.3 days after receiving the material, you will only have 125 µ Ci left –If you wait 28.6 days, you will only have 62.5 µ Ci left It is important to consider the half life of the radioisotope when planning a study that includes the use of radioactive materials It is important to consider the half life of the radioisotope when planning a study that includes the use of radioactive materials

19. Lesson 4 Background Radiation

20. Background Radiation Natural and man-made sources of radiation everybody is exposed to in their daily lives Natural and man-made sources of radiation everybody is exposed to in their daily lives Typically 20 to 30 mRem per month Typically 20 to 30 mRem per month

21. How Might I Be Exposed?

22. Average Annual Exposure to the General Public Cosmic Cosmic Terrestrial Terrestrial Radon Radon Medical Medical Total Total 30 mRem 30 mRem 40 mRem 40 mRem 230 mRem 230 mRem 90 mRem 90 mRem 390 mRem 390 mRem

23. Lesson 5 Biological Effects & Risk

24. Biological Effects Data is largely based on high exposures to individuals within the first half of the 20 th century Data is largely based on high exposures to individuals within the first half of the 20 th century Biological effects occur when exposure to radiation exceeds 50 rads over a short period of time Biological effects occur when exposure to radiation exceeds 50 rads over a short period of time All occupational exposures are limited by city, state, or federal regulations All occupational exposures are limited by city, state, or federal regulations

25. Radiation Damage Mechanical: Direct hit to the DNA by the radiation Mechanical: Direct hit to the DNA by the radiation - Damages cells by breaking the DNA bonds - Damages cells by breaking the DNA bonds Chemical: Generates peroxides which can attack the DNA Chemical: Generates peroxides which can attack the DNA Damage can be repaired for small amounts of exposure

26. Radiosensitivity Muscle Radioresistant Muscle Radioresistant Stomach Radiosensitive Stomach Radiosensitive Bone Marrow Radiosensitive Bone Marrow Radiosensitive Human GonadsVery Radiosensitive Human GonadsVery Radiosensitive

27. Radiation Effects Acute Effects: Nausea, Vomiting, Reddening of Skin, Hair Loss, Blood Changes Acute Effects: Nausea, Vomiting, Reddening of Skin, Hair Loss, Blood Changes Latent Effects: Cataracts, Genetic effects, Cancer Latent Effects: Cataracts, Genetic effects, Cancer

28. Dose Required for Acute Effects If an individual receives a dose in excess of 50 Rem (50,000 mRem) in a short period of time, he/she will experience acute effects

29. Risk of Cancer The level of exposure is related to the risk of illness While the risk for high levels of exposure is apparent, the risk for low levels is unclear It is estimated that 1 rem TEDE of exposure increase likelihood of cancer by 1 in 1000 The likelihood of cancer in ones life time is 1 in 3 from all other factors

30. Factors Affecting Risk The amount of time over which the dose was received The type of radiation The general health of the individual The age of the individual The area of the body exposed

31. Lesson 6 Occupational Exposure

32. What are the Occupational Exposure Limits ? Whole Body Extremities Skin of Whole Body Lens of Eye Thyroid 5,000 mRem/year 50,000 mRem/year 15,000 mRem/year

33. Other Occupational Limits ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This is our policy AND the NRC ’ s: Don ’ t expose yourself to radiation any more than absolutely necessary.

34. Exposure to the General Public Annual limit of 100 mRem to individuals This includes anybody in the laboratory who does not work for Notre Dame Examples: salesmen, vendors, family members, etc.

35. Prenatal Radiation Exposure In the embryo stage, cells are dividing very rapidly and are undifferentiated in their structure and are more sensitive to radiation exposure In the embryo stage, cells are dividing very rapidly and are undifferentiated in their structure and are more sensitive to radiation exposure Especially sensitive during the first 2 to 3 months after conception Especially sensitive during the first 2 to 3 months after conception This sensitivity increases the risk of cancer and retardation This sensitivity increases the risk of cancer and retardation

36. Declaring Pregnancy –Additional dose restrictions are available for the pregnant worker –Receive a monthly dosimeter –Limited to 500 mRem during the term of the pregnancy –Also, limited to 50 mRem per month –DECLARATION IS STRICTLY OPTIONAL

37. Exposure to Minors Individuals under the age of 18 –Must not receive an exposure greater than 10% of occupational exposure for adults –Wholebody Exposure Limit: 500 mRem –Minors will wear dosimeters in laboratories licensed for radioactive material use –Minors should not work with radioactive material

38. Lesson 7 Minimizing Exposure

39. How Do I Protect Myself? Reducing the dose from any source radiation exposure involves the use of three protective measures: Reducing the dose from any source radiation exposure involves the use of three protective measures: – TIME – DISTANCE – SHIELDING

40. Time − The amount of exposure an individual accumulates is directly proportional to the time of exposure − Keep handling time to a minimum

41. Distance −The relationship between distance and exposure follows the inverse square law. The intensity of the radiation exposure decreases in proportion to the inverse of the distance squared − Dose 2 = Dose 1 x (d 1 /d 2 ) 2

42. Shielding − To shield against beta emissions, use plexiglass to decrease the production of bremsstrahlung radiation. − If necessary, supplement with lead after the plexiglass − To shield against gamma and x-rays, use lead, leaded glass or leaded plastic

43. Internal Exposure − Only a few commonly used radionuclides at Notre Dame present an external exposure potential − All radionuclides present a potential for internal exposure if taken into the body. Entry into the body can occur by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin

44. Minimizing Internal Exposure Wear personal protective equipment Wear personal protective equipment If required, use a fume hood If required, use a fume hood No eating, drinking or applying cosmetics No eating, drinking or applying cosmetics Clean up spills promptly Clean up spills promptly Routinely monitor work area Routinely monitor work area Secure radioactive material Secure radioactive material

45. Minimum Protective Equipment Laboratory coat Laboratory coat Gloves Gloves Safety Glasses Safety Glasses Dosimeters Dosimeters

46. Lesson 8 Regulatory Requirements

47. Notre Dame ’ s License Broadscope license issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Broadscope license issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Permits the use of radioactive material in research and development, as well as education. Permits the use of radioactive material in research and development, as well as education. Must be renewed every 10 years Must be renewed every 10 years

48. Radiation Safety Requirements Radiation Safety Officer Radiation Safety Officer Radiation Safety Committee Radiation Safety Committee Approved Responsible Investigators Approved Responsible Investigators Radioisotope Users Radioisotope Users

49. Records to be Kept on File  In the Laboratory - Receipt of material - Receipt of material - Utilization of material (logs) - Utilization of material (logs) - Waste disposal - Waste disposal - Monthly Wipe tests - Monthly Wipe tests -Training verification -Training verification The NRC Inspectors will look specifically for these completed documents in the lab Radiation Safety notebooks which should be stored in every radiation lab.  By Radiation Safety -Principal Investigator -Principal Investigator -Isotope limits -Isotope limits -Receipt of material -Receipt of material -Waste transferred -Waste transferred -Lab inspections -Lab inspections -Exposure reports -Exposure reports

50. Records (Continued) If radioactivity is not used or stored during a month, a signed statement may be substituted for a wipe test Example of Signed Statement: “ There has been no radioactive material use or storage in lab ____ during the month of ____ ”.

51. Radiation Safety Inspections Inspections are conducted at least every other month Inspections are conducted at least every other month Review isotope use records and wipe test records Review isotope use records and wipe test records Confirm appropriate postings and labels Confirm appropriate postings and labels Personal protective equipment and dosimetry Personal protective equipment and dosimetry Shielding and survey instrument available Shielding and survey instrument available Contamination and radiation dose rate survey Contamination and radiation dose rate survey

52. Where Will Isotopes be Found? In labs labeled with “ Caution Radioactive Material ” signs at the entrance In labs labeled with “ Caution Radioactive Material ” signs at the entrance Usually stored in freezers, refrigerators, or fume hoods Usually stored in freezers, refrigerators, or fume hoods Waste stored in labeled containers Waste stored in labeled containers Radioactive waste storage rooms Radioactive waste storage rooms

53. Postings and Labels Entrance to laboratory Entrance to laboratory Refrigerator/freezer Refrigerator/freezer Equipment/instruments Equipment/instruments Radioactive waste containers Radioactive waste containers Laboratory benches Laboratory benches Fume hoods for use Fume hoods for use

54. Labeling Containers All containers used for storing radioactive material or radioactive waste must be stored in labeled containers All containers used for storing radioactive material or radioactive waste must be stored in labeled containers The label displays the radiation symbol with the words “ Caution Radioactive Material ” The label displays the radiation symbol with the words “ Caution Radioactive Material ” The isotope, activity in uCi or mCi and the start date should be included on label The isotope, activity in uCi or mCi and the start date should be included on label

55. Lesson 9 Radiation Detection

56. Detecting Radiation and Contamination Personal dosimeters are used to detect the occupational exposure to employees from external sources of radiation Personal dosimeters are used to detect the occupational exposure to employees from external sources of radiation A survey meter may be used to detect large quantities of high energy beta and gamma emitters on a surface A survey meter may be used to detect large quantities of high energy beta and gamma emitters on a surface For smaller quantities of contamination on surfaces and low energy beta emitters, use the wipe test method For smaller quantities of contamination on surfaces and low energy beta emitters, use the wipe test method

57. Film Badge  Required when there is a possibility of receiving greater than 10% of exposure limit  Monitors for gamma, x-ray and high energy beta  Worn for 2 months  These are individual specific - Do not loan out  Return promptly after receiving a new one

58. Ring Dosimeter   Monitors exposure to the hands   Used for high energy beta, gamma and x-ray radiation   Worn when handling sources like those listed above or x-ray machines

59. Survey Instruments Geiger Mueller (G-M) Geiger Mueller (G-M) - Detects alpha, beta, and gamma radiation - Detects alpha, beta, and gamma radiation - Best option for detecting beta contamination Sodium Iodide Detector Sodium Iodide Detector - Gamma and x-ray only - Gamma and x-ray only

60. Operational Check Check calibration date Check calibration date Confirm calibration date within past year Confirm calibration date within past year Check batteries Check batteries Check response to radioactive source to confirm that the meter is operational Check response to radioactive source to confirm that the meter is operational Survey Instruments

61. Geiger-Mueller Detector Geiger-Mueller Detector –Used for beta, gamma and x-ray emitters –Best for P-32, S-35 and C-14 –Will detect I-125 and Cr-51 Sodium-Iodine Detector Sodium-Iodine Detector –Detects gamma and x-ray emitters –I-125 and Cr-51 –Do not use to detect beta emitters

62. Wipe Test Method The Wipe Test Method is a means of monitoring for small amounts of contamination The Wipe Test Method is a means of monitoring for small amounts of contamination It is the only method in the lab for detecting H-3 It is the only method in the lab for detecting H-3 Wipe test surveys should include both areas where contamination is expected to be found and areas where it is not expected Wipe test surveys should include both areas where contamination is expected to be found and areas where it is not expected

63. Wipe Test 1. Choose equipment and surfaces to wipe 2. Use a filter paper or Q-tip to wipe approximately 100 cm 2. 3. Place filter paper or Q-tip in scintillation vial and add scintillation fluid (use enough fluid to fill at least ½ of vial) 4. Place sample in scintillation counter 5. Set scintillation counter to detect radioisotopes used in laboratory 6. Include a standard or sample containing a known amount of radioactive material 7. Include a background or control sample

64. Determining Activity of Wipes If the scintillation counter only provides results in counts per minute (cpm) it will be necessary to convert those results to disintegrations per minute (dpm). This can be done by including a control sample with your wipes that contains the isotope of interest. dpm = cpm / counting efficiency Standard (cpm) / Standard (dpm) = Efficiency 1 uCi = 2.22 X 10 6 dpm Decay of the standard ’ s activity must be considered.

65. Lesson 10 Contamination Control

66. Contamination Definition: Radioactive material in an undesired location Definition: Radioactive material in an undesired location Undesired Undesired locations: Surfaces, skin, internal, airborne Types: Removable – Decontamination is possible Types: Removable – Decontamination is possible Fixed – Unable to decontaminate

67. Contamination Limits <20 dpm/100cm 2  in restricted areas <20 dpm/100cm 2  in restricted areas <1,000 dpm/100cm 2  /  in restricted areas (radioisotope laboratories) <1,000 dpm/100cm 2  /  in restricted areas (radioisotope laboratories) >1,000 dpm/100cm 2  /  immediately clean up to below 1,000 dpm/100cm 2 >1,000 dpm/100cm 2  /  immediately clean up to below 1,000 dpm/100cm 2

68. Frequently Contaminated Items in Laboratories Radioactive containers (stock, flasks, beakers) Radioactive containers (stock, flasks, beakers) Laboratory benches and sinks Laboratory benches and sinks Laboratory apparatus and equipment Laboratory apparatus and equipment (Centrifuge, Freezer, Waterbath) Radioactive waste containers Radioactive waste containers Refrigerator door handles Refrigerator door handles Laboratory door handles Laboratory door handles Gloves and laboratory coats Gloves and laboratory coats

69. Contamination Control Work in areas designated for radioactive material Work in areas designated for radioactive material Use absorbent pads Use absorbent pads Wear appropriate protective clothing Wear appropriate protective clothing Change gloves frequently Change gloves frequently Perform a dry run of the procedure without radioactive materials Perform a dry run of the procedure without radioactive materials − It is recommend that you set up well- defined, clearly labeled radioactive material work stations and restrict radioactive materials use to those areas

70. Spill Response Notify people working in the laboratory Notify people working in the laboratory Control access to the affected area Control access to the affected area Wear gloves, lab coat, and safety glasses Wear gloves, lab coat, and safety glasses Clean spill from the outer perimeter inward Clean spill from the outer perimeter inward Avoid spattering and generating aerosols Avoid spattering and generating aerosols After initial clean up, monitor for contamination After initial clean up, monitor for contamination Repeat process if contamination remains Repeat process if contamination remains Call the RSO (x2243) if you need help or if the spill is greater than 100 µ Ci Call the RSO (x2243) if you need help or if the spill is greater than 100 µ Ci

71. Decontamination of Skin If the radioactive material is a high energy beta, gamma, or x-ray emitter, monitor with a survey meter and record reading If the radioactive material is a high energy beta, gamma, or x-ray emitter, monitor with a survey meter and record reading Gently wash the affected area for 15 minutes with lukewarm water and a mild soap Gently wash the affected area for 15 minutes with lukewarm water and a mild soap If you continue to find contamination, repeat washing and monitoring for up to 3 times If you continue to find contamination, repeat washing and monitoring for up to 3 times Record final survey meter readings Record final survey meter readings Contact Radiation Safety at x2243 Contact Radiation Safety at x2243

72. Lesson 11 Obtaining Radioactive Materials

73. Ordering Radioactive Material Orders are placed electronically through Buy ND All orders must be approved by the Radiation Safety Office When purchasing radioactive material from a vendor provide the following: – –The Radioisotope – –Amount of material – –Name and phone number of P.I. All packages must be addressed to Central Receiving/Douglas Road attn: Risk Management and Safety

74. Ordering − Typically, orders arrive the following day − Ensure that somebody is available to pick up the Package − Wear lab coat and dosimeter to pick up package − Sign receipt log prior to leaving Safety Check Contents −Check box for contamination using a Geiger counter or wipe test. − Confirm that content of package is not contaminated. −If it is contaminated contact Safety. −Deface or remove any radiation labels on the box and discard as regular waste. Receiving Radioactive Material

75. − Checking package for contamination (Left) − Defacing labels (Right)

76. Lesson 12 Radioactive Waste

77. Radioactive Waste Disposal Minimize generation of waste Minimize generation of waste Identify and segregate dry solid waste Identify and segregate dry solid waste - long lived (H-3 and C-14) - long lived (H-3 and C-14) - - short lived (P-32 and S-35) - - short lived (P-32 and S-35) Complete a waste form for pickup Complete a waste form for pickup Keep disposal records Keep disposal records

78. Do Not Mix Waste Types Do not place scintillation vials into dry solid waste containers Do not place scintillation vials into dry solid waste containers Do not place dry solid waste into liquid scintillation vial waste Do not place dry solid waste into liquid scintillation vial waste Do not place liquid waste container into dry solid waste containers Do not place liquid waste container into dry solid waste containers DO NOT MIX LONG AND SHORT HALF-LIVED WASTE (Break point = 89 days) DO NOT MIX LONG AND SHORT HALF-LIVED WASTE (Break point = 89 days)

79. Holding Radioactive Waste for Decay Provide appropriate shielding for the waste Provide appropriate shielding for the waste Seal the container to prevent individuals from adding to the waste Seal the container to prevent individuals from adding to the waste Label the waste container with the isotope, amount of radioactive material, and date the container was sealed Label the waste container with the isotope, amount of radioactive material, and date the container was sealed Hold for 10 half-lives. This will be done by RM&S. Hold for 10 half-lives. This will be done by RM&S.

80. Radioactive Waste Containers DO NOT dispose of radioactive waste in: DO NOT dispose of radioactive waste in: - medical waste - medical waste containers containers - general waste - general waste containers containers Use only approved radioactive waste containers supplied by Radiation Safety which contains a warning label “Caution Radioactive Material” Use only approved radioactive waste containers supplied by Radiation Safety which contains a warning label “Caution Radioactive Material”

81. Scintillation Vials Place in a separate container from the dry solid radioactive waste Place in a separate container from the dry solid radioactive waste Separate scintillation vials containing long lived isotopes Separate scintillation vials containing long lived isotopes (H-3 and C-14) from those containing shorter lived isotopes (P-32, I-125) Ensure the lids are secured tightly on the bottles Ensure the lids are secured tightly on the bottles Do not overfill the container Do not overfill the container Complete a Radioactive Waste Ticket and send to Safety when container is full Complete a Radioactive Waste Ticket and send to Safety when container is full

82. Contaminated Sharps Syringes Syringes Pasteur Pipettes Pasteur Pipettes Scalpel Scalpel Needles Needles –Radioactive sharps must be segregated from other radioactive waste and placed in a radioactive materials labeled sharps container.

83. Collecting Liquid Use a durable carboy from RM&S Use a durable carboy from RM&S Attach a radiation warning label to the bottle Attach a radiation warning label to the bottle Document the isotope, activity and date on the container Document the isotope, activity and date on the container Secure the lid on the container at all times Secure the lid on the container at all times

84. Lesson 13 Clearing Equipment

85. Clearing Equipment For repair by Engineering or Vendor: Ensure equipment is empty of all samples, containers, and radioactive material Ensure equipment is empty of all samples, containers, and radioactive material Conduct wipe test and present results to RSO Conduct wipe test and present results to RSO Monitor with survey meter Monitor with survey meter Decontaminate equipment if required Decontaminate equipment if required

86. Lesson 14 Review

87. When Working with Low Energy Beta Emitters Examples: H-3, C-14, S-35, P-33 Examples: H-3, C-14, S-35, P-33 Follow General Safety Requirements Follow General Safety Requirements Use a GM survey meter for large quantities of C-14, S-35 and P-33 Use a GM survey meter for large quantities of C-14, S-35 and P-33 Isolate, label, and dispose of waste Isolate, label, and dispose of waste Secure material in refrigerator/freezer Secure material in refrigerator/freezer

88. When Working with High Energy Beta Emitters (P-32) Use Plexiglas shielding for storage Use Plexiglas shielding for storage Wear Luxel dosimeter and extremity dosimeters if required Wear Luxel dosimeter and extremity dosimeters if required Handle material behind a Plexiglas shield Handle material behind a Plexiglas shield Regularly monitor work area and gloves for contamination Regularly monitor work area and gloves for contamination Use a GM detector or liquid scintillation counter Use a GM detector or liquid scintillation counter

89. Working with Gamma or X-ray Emitters (I-125) Store in leaded containers Store in leaded containers Pre-experiment thyroid scan for work with large quantities or volatile forms of I-125 Pre-experiment thyroid scan for work with large quantities or volatile forms of I-125 Wear Luxel dosimeter and extremity dosimeters if required Wear Luxel dosimeter and extremity dosimeters if required Use leaded glass/Plexiglas shield Use leaded glass/Plexiglas shield Regularly monitor surfaces gloves Regularly monitor surfaces gloves Use NaI detector or liquid scintillation counter Use NaI detector or liquid scintillation counter Post experiment thyroid scan for work with large quantities or volatile forms of I-125 Post experiment thyroid scan for work with large quantities or volatile forms of I-125

90. Telephone Numbers Radiation Safety: 1-5037 Radiation Safety: 1-5037 Fax: 1-8794 Fax: 1-8794 Risk Management & Safety website: www.riskmanagement.nd.edu Risk Management & Safety website: www.riskmanagement.nd.edu www.riskmanagement.nd.edu After hours, weekends, holidays: Call ND Security 1-5555 After hours, weekends, holidays: Call ND Security 1-5555