1. Biology Journal 9/14/12
What molecule is the macromolecule DNA made out of?
How did that molecule get its name?

2. Biology Journal 9/20/10
What do ribosomes do?
What other organelle are ribosomes often attached to?
What does that organelle do?

3. How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?
Biology Journal 11/21/13
How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?

4. Biology Journal 11/21/13
How is this picture like the endosymbiotic theory?
What was some of the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

5. Biology Journal 11/22/13
What are histones?
What are chromosomes?
What’s the difference between the DNA of a eukaryote and the DNA of a prokaryote?

6. 2.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Assessment statement
2.2.1
Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote.
cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
pili, flagella, ribosomes
nucleoid (region containing naked DNA)
2.2.2
Annotate the diagram from with the functions of each named structure.
2.2.3
Identify structures from in electron micrographs of E. coli.
2.2.4
State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

7. 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells Assessment statement 2.3.1
Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell.
free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
lysosome, Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion, nucleus
2.3.2
Annotate the diagram from with the functions of each named structure.
2.3.3
Identify structures from in electron micrographs of liver cells.
2.3.4
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
naked DNA versus DNA associated with proteins
DNA in cytoplasm versus DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelope
no mitochondria versus mitochondria
70S versus 80S ribosomes
eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
2.3.5
State three differences between plant and animal cells.
2.3.6
Outline two roles of extracellular components.
The plant cell wall maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake, and holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity.
Animal cells secrete glycoproteins that form the extracellular matrix. This functions in support, adhesion and movement.

8. Cells: The Basic Units of Life

9. Nucleus
Contains the DNA
Has a nuclear membrane

10. In most cells the nucleus is the easiest organelle to see
White blood cells
Muscle Cells
Red blood cells, these don’t have a nucleus

11. Nucleus means “middle” it’s used in many ways in science

12. Mitochondria
Makes energy for the cell through a reaction called cellular respiration
uses up oxygen and sugar for fuel

13. What kinds of cells might need a lot of energy?
Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria

14. What other kinds of cells might need a lot of energy?
Neurons (brain and nerve cells) use energy to send electrical signals

15. What other kinds of cells might need a lot of energy?

16. What kinds of cells don’t need a lot of energy?
Bone cells
Fat cells (adipose tissue)

17. Ribosomes
Make protein through translation
Made out of rRNA

18. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membranes that send proteins to where they need to go using chemical signals
Rough E. R. has ribosomes on it
Smooth E. R. does not have ribosomes on it.
E. R. is like a postal carrier, sending proteins to where they are supposed to go.

19. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough and smooth are connected.
The Rough has ribosomes on it like rhinestones on a shirt.

20. Golgi Complex / Apparatus
Packages up molecules in a sac called a vesicle and sends them to where they need to go using chemical signals
Camillo Golgi,
winner of Nobel prize in medicine in 1906; winner of world’s sexiest moustache competition in 1907.

21. Vacuole
A sack for storing water and nutrients. Like a storage tank. Most plant cells have 1 large vacuole

22. Why might plant cells store lots of water in vacuoles, but animal cells don’t?

23. Chloroplast Uses sunlight to make sugar molecules (photosynthesis)
Contains green pigments (chlorophyll)
Plants only

24. Lysosome
Breaks down and digests large pieces of food, or unneeded organelles, using acids and enzymes
Animal cells tend to have many. Plant cells rarely do.

25. In what tissues might we find a lot of lysosomes?
Digestive Cells

26. What other cells might we find a lot of lysosomes?
Bacteria trying to out-run a white blood cell. If the white blood cell gobbles up a bacteria, it sends the bacteria to a lysosome to be digested.

27. Cytoplasm is chalked full of molecules that the cell uses.
The jelly-like substance that takes up the space inside a cell.
Cytoplasm is chalked full of molecules that the cell uses.

28. Cell Membrane ( aka Plasma membrane)
The “skin” of a cell. Controls what enters and leaves through transport proteins.

29. Cell Membrane ( aka Plasma membrane)
It’s made out of two layers of lipids called phospholipids.

30. Plant Cell Wall Hard structure made out of carbohydrates.
Makes plant cells strong and sturdy, but prevents them from moving
Plants only!

31. Bacterial Cell Wall
A tough structure made out of peptidoglycan (a protein-carbohydrate substance)
In some bacteria, this cell wall can be stained and identified (called gram-positive bacteria), and in some bacteria the cell wall can’t (called gram-negative bacteria)

32. Flagella
A whip-like tail for swimming through liquid.

33. There are 2 basic kinds of cells
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Have 1 circular piece of DNA
No organelles!
Small and simple, so they can multiply fast!

34. There are 2 basic kinds of cells
2. Eukaryotes
Have many pieces of linear DNA (in lines)
Have organelles!
Bigger and more complex
Anything multicelluar is a eukaryote (including you)

35. Eukaryotes are about 100 times bigger than prokaryotes

36. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Biology Journal 11/26/2013
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes

37. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Biology Journal 11/26/2013
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes
Large and more complex
Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm
Small and simple
Has a nucleus and organelles
Reproduce through asexual cell division
Lacks a nucleus and lacks organelles
DNA is linear and in many pieces (chromosomes)
Have ribosomes (but they are different)
DNA is circular and in one piece (usually)
Cells divide through mitosis
Cells divide through binary fission
Have 80s ribosomes
Have 70s ribosomes
Attaches and transfers DNA through pili

38. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
(free)
Cytoplasm
Plasma
membrane
Lysosome
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(rough)

40. Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
(the darker spheres are ribosomes)
Cell wall
Pili
Flagella
Nucleoid region
(where DNA is located)

41. Extracellular Components – parts outside of the cell
The cell wall of plants
Gives the cell shape
Holds the cell up against gravity
Prevents it from exploding from too much water
Glycoproteins of animals
Made out of carbohydrates attached to proteins
Gives the cells adhesion
Anchors the cell to surrounding cells
Allow for movement