1. C HAPTER 7: T ONE, P OINT OF V IEW, AND ALLUSIONS

2. In Chapter 7 several elements you have studied thus far come together. In this second chapter dealing with the importance of language, you will enhance and deepen your understanding of what you read by studying some rather sophisticated elements.

3. C HAPTER 7: T ONE, P OINT OF V IEW, AND ALLUSIONS Objectives:  Points of view  Tone  Allusions  Special effects

4. P OINT OF VIEW The writer’s attitude toward or position on a subject—his or her stance. Topic purpose Mode of discourse Diction (word choice) Tone Point of view

5. G O TO PRACTICE EX. 1 ON P. 240 Read this paragraph by Harvard biologist Edwin O. Wilson, in which he discusses the Incas’ contributions to the world’s food supply. (Wilson is the author of “The Power of Story,” which was a practice exercise in Chapter 6.) As you read it, circle the connotative words. Now fill in the missing elements inthe circle.

6. G O TO PRACTICE EX. 1 ON P. 240 From the mostly unwritten archives of native peoples has come a wealth of information about wild and semicultivated crops. It is a remarkable fact that with a single exception, the macadamia nut of Australia, every one of the fruits and nuts used in western countries was grown first by indigenous peoples. The Incas were arguably the all-time champions in creating a reservoir of diverse crops. Without the benefit of wheels, money, iron, or written script, these Andean people evolved a sophisticated agriculture based on almost as many plant species as used by all the farmers of Europe and Asia combined. Their abounding crops, tilled on the cool upland slopes and plateaus, proved especially suited for temperate climates. From the Incas have come lima beans, peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes. But many other species and strains, including a hundred varieties of potatoes, are still confined to the Andes. The Spanish conquerors learned to use a few of the potatoes, but they missed many other representatives of a vast array of cultivated tuberous vegetables, including some that are more productive and savory than the favored crops. The names are likely to

7. G O TO PRACTICE EX. 1 ON P. 240 be unfamiliar: achira, ahipa, arracacha, maca, mashua, mauka, oca, ulloco, and yacon. One, maca, is on the verge of extinction, limited to 10 hectares in the highest plateau region of Peru and Bolivia. Its swollen roots, resembling brown radishes and rich in sugar and starch, have a sweet, tangy flavor and are considered a delicacy by the handful of people still privileged to consume them. Edwin O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life

8. G O TO PRACTICE EX. 1 ON P. 240 From the mostly unwritten archives of native peoples has come a wealth of information about wild and semicultivated crops. It is a remarkable fact that with a single exception, the macadamia nut of Australia, every one of the fruits and nuts used in western countries was grown first by indigenous peoples. The Incas were arguably the all-time champions in creating a reservoir of diverse crops. Without the benefit of wheels, money, iron, or written script, these Andean people evolved a sophisticated agriculture based on almost as many plant species as used by all the farmers of Europe and Asia combined. Their abounding crops, tilled on the cool upland slopes and plateaus, proved especially suited for temperate climates. From the Incas have come lima beans, peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes. But many other species and strains, including a hundred varieties of potatoes, are still confined to the Andes. The Spanish conquerors learned to use a few of the potatoes, but they missed many other representatives of a vast array of cultivated tuberous vegetables, including some that are more productive and savory than the favored crops. The names are likely to

9. G O TO PRACTICE EX. 1 ON P. 240 be unfamiliar: achira, ahipa, arracacha, maca, mashua, mauka, oca, ulloco, and yacon. One, maca, is on the verge of extinction, limited to 10 hectares in the highest plateau region of Peru and Bolivia. Its swollen roots, resembling brown radishes and rich in sugar and starch, have a sweet, tangy flavor and are considered a delicacy by the handful of people still privileged to consume them. Edwin O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life

11. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE the feeling, mood, or emotional quality of a piece of writing—hard to detect on paper or easily understood if not clearly “seen.” the reader must infer the tone from the writer’s words and their connotative values, from the details included, from the rhythms and cadences of the sentence structure, and from the writer’s attitude toward the subject.

12. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Common varieties of tone informative, impartial, instructive approving, admiring, laudatory sincere, honest, candid serious, somber, grave philosophical, reflective, pensive eager, fervent, passionate, zealous questioning, skeptical, cynical amusing, funny, humorous sorrowful, mournful, lamenting nostalgic, wistful, melancholy critical complaining harsh provocative

13. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Tone in textbooks written in objective and impartial tone to convey factual information Tone in Fiction dependent on the characters and their relation to the environment they live in and to the other characters

14. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Go to p. 243 Read the following questions. Then, read the passage.

15. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 1. What is the connotation of the word “scalping” and what is its origin?

16. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 1. The word is negative; it probably stems from a barbaric form of torture.

17. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 2. What is McConnell and Brue’s point of view toward scalping?

18. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 2. They have no objections to the practice.

19. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 3. In the second paragraph, why do the authors put quotation marks around “ripping off” and “exorbitant”?

20. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 3. These words describe scalping in a negative way, but the quotation marks tell us that the writers don’t share this opinion.

21. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 4. Locate and identify the two primary reasons that the writers think that scalping has been given a bum rap.

22. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 4. The transaction is voluntary; both parties benefit.

23. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 5. How would you describe the tone of the passage?

24. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Now answer these questions: 5. informative, but also positive and favorable; economically, the system makes sense.

25. T ONE IN NONFICTION PROSE In the next few pages, 244-248, you will read nonfiction passages, moving from straightforward prose to more complex examples. Create the graphic organizer for each passage. 1

26. T ONE IN NONFICTION PROSE In the next few pages, 244-248, you will read nonfiction passages, moving from straightforward prose to more complex examples. Create the graphic organizer for each passage. 2 A Romantic Entanglement

27. T ONE IN NONFICTION PROSE In the next few pages, 244-248, you will read nonfiction passages, moving from straightforward prose to more complex examples. Create the graphic organizer for each passage. 3 Skateboarders

28. T ONE IN NONFICTION PROSE In the next few pages, 244-248, you will read nonfiction passages, moving from straightforward prose to more complex examples. Create the graphic organizer for each passage. 4 Lincoln

29. T ONE IN NONFICTION PROSE In the next few pages, 244-248, you will read nonfiction passages, moving from straightforward prose to more complex examples. Create the graphic organizer for each passage. 5 Addis Ababa

30. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Sentimentality an umbrella word describing a tone that appeals to one’s tender emotions genuine or fake depending on the writer’s motive and care in writing effective and/or affective

31. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Sentimentality It can appeal to our tender and compassionate instincts and win us over. What’s wrong with sentimentality? A sentimental feeling may become counterfeit and full of clichés which then becomes offensive or ludicrous. Writing about daily life can be very difficult. Read the passage found on p. 249.

32. A N OVERVIEW OF TONE Sentimentality

33. Practice Exercise 2, pp. 249-253

41. T ONE AND MOOD IN FICTION In literature, tone is conveyed not only by the writer’s manner of expression but also by the thoughts and actions of the characters, by their relation to the other characters and to their environment, by figurative language, and by descriptions of the world the characters inhabit, whether natural or artificial.

42. T ONE AND MOOD IN FICTION Unlike nonfiction, literature conveys mood —the atmosphere or emotional state that all these things evoke. Read the paragraph at the bottom of p. 253-254. Then, the explanation on p. 254. Probably all of us can identify with Callie’s feelings about the Charm Bracelets. All high schools have such groups, the “rulers” of the school. How would you characterize Callie’s tone in this passage? She is clearly scornful and resentful of their social standing, their shallowness, their arrogance, their refusal to study, the fact that they know that they don’t need to study. Even at a young age, she is aware of her own role in life—her need to write, to accomplish something. So we might say that her tone toward the end of the passage is one of resignation to her fate. The tone is complicated and not easily reduced to a single feeling.

43. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. A. How would you describe the mood of this excerpt? What is the minister feeling?

44. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. A. How would you describe the mood of this excerpt? What is the minister feeling? The mood is serene and cheerful. The scene elates him; the simple pleasure of watching his family delights him.

45. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. B. Explain what Amir is feeling as he surveys the landscape of his native Afghanistan and ponders his family.

46. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. B. Explain what Amir is feeling as he surveys the landscape of his native Afghanistan and ponders his family. Amir’s thoughts suggest a welter of emotions— pride, a sense of family history and his place in it, a sense of reverence for his native land.

47. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. C. Describe the prevailing mood the narrator’s thoughts evoke.

48. G O TO PRACTICE EXERCISE 3 Answer the questions of each passage. C. Describe the prevailing mood the narrator’s thoughts evoke. The lure of freedom, represented by the endless horizon of the lovely plains, is matched by a feeling of restless optimism. Everything is possible in the West.

49. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Tones that are cultural, social, and political create increased cynicism, uncertainty, and skepticism about the American dream and about the country’s role in the world political arena.. Witty, playful, droll Ironic, tongue-in-cheek Sarcastic, scornful, sardonic Pessimistic, cynical Mocking, satirical

50. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Witty Writer’s mental keenness and sense of playfulness and an ability to recognize the comic elements of a situation or condition. It is not sarcasm which has a mean streak. It is humorous, brief, clever in its use of words, and pointedly perceptive in describing human frailty and folly. See p. 257-258

51. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Irony Used when the writer actually means the opposite of what he/she actually means. It is an unexpected contrast which results in a heightening of intensity about the real subject. It can be used to poke fun at human weaknesses and inconsistencies, or more seriously, to criticize, to encourage reform, or to cast doubt on someone’s motives. The heart of many jokes!

52. I RONY Irony often is present in cartoons. What is the irony underlying the situation?

53. I RONY The Grim Reaper, the traditional personification of death, has a complicated set of locks in his presumably urban apartment. We wouldn’t expect the Grim Reaper to be afraid of crime.

54. I RONY

55. Go to p. 259 Read the passage on p. 260.

56. I RONY Go to p. 259 Read the passage on p. 260.

57. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Sarcasm A form of wit intended to taunt, wound, or subject another to ridicule or contempt. Latin = “flesh-cutting ironySarcasm Writer deliberately says the opposite of what is intented. May involve irony Sneering at Mocking the target Consider the writer’s intent.

58. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Distrusting or disparaging the motives or sincerity of others Cynicism Sneeringly distrustful, contemptuous, or pessimistic A cynic detects falseness in others and recognizes impure motives. It may or may not involve irony. Watergate Vietnam Modern attitude politicians

59. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Irony Sarcasm cynicism

60. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Satire A type of writing that seeks to expose folly or wickedness, to hold human behavior up to ridicule, and to show the reader that certain actions or behavior would be more desirable. Distrusting or disparaging the motives or sincerity of others Typically relies on exaggeration Sneeringly distrustful, contemptuous, or pessimistic

61. T ONE CONTINUED : MORE DIFFICULT VARIETIES Satire Read pp. 262-263 Typically relies on exaggeration

62. Practice Exercise 4 Read the following passages. Then, keeping in mind the writer’s purpose and intent, decide which of the following tones is most accurately reflected in each excerpt: witty, ironic, sarcastic, cynical, satirical.

63. Practice Exercise 4 Read the following passages. Then, keeping in mind the writer’s purpose and intent, decide which of the following tones is most accurately reflected in each excerpt: witty, ironic, sarcastic, cynical, satirical. A. From Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright: “Bigamy is having one wife too many. Monogamy is the same.” The tone of this definition is

64. Practice Exercise 4 Read the following passages. Then, keeping in mind the writer’s purpose and intent, decide which of the following tones is most accurately reflected in each excerpt: witty, ironic, sarcastic, cynical, satirical. A. From Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright: “Bigamy is having one wife too many. Monogamy is the same.” The tone of this definition is witty.

65. Practice Exercise 4 B. Ilka Chase was a famous actress in the movies and on stage in the1930s and 1940s. When she published her 1942 autobiography, Past Imperfect, she encountered an actor at a party. (Legend has it that the actor was Humphrey Bogart.) When the actor congratulated Chase, he said, “I thought your book was wonderful. I can’t tell you how much I enjoyed it. By the way, who wrote it for you?” Chase responded, “I’m so glad you like it. By the way, who read it to you?” The tone of this selection is

66. Practice Exercise 4 B. Ilka Chase was a famous actress in the movies and on stage in the1930s and 1940s. When she published her 1942 autobiography, Past Imperfect, she encountered an actor at a party. (Legend has it that the actor was Humphrey Bogart.) When the actor congratulated Chase, he said, “I thought your book was wonderful. I can’t tell you how much I enjoyed it. By the way, who wrote it for you?” Chase responded, “I’m so glad you like it. By the way, who read it to you?” The tone of this selection is sarcastic.

67. Practice Exercise 4 C. From a review of Bolt of Fate by Tom Tucker, a biography of Benjamin Franklin: “... a new book argues that the legend on which Franklin’s reputation rests is dubious. There was no kite, no key, no bolt, no knuckle, no charge. He let people believe he had been places he never went, done things he never did, and seen things that never happened. No wonder he’s been called the father of American journalism.” (Adam Gopnik, “American Electric: Did Franklin Fly the Kite?” The New Yorker ) The tone of this excerpt is

68. Practice Exercise 4 C. From a review of Bolt of Fate by Tom Tucker, a biography of Benjamin Franklin: “... a new book argues that the legend on which Franklin’s reputation rests is dubious. There was no kite, no key, no bolt, no knuckle, no charge. He let people believe he had been places he never went, done things he never did, and seen things that never happened. No wonder he’s been called the father of American journalism.” (Adam Gopnik, “American Electric: Did Franklin Fly the Kite?” The New Yorker ) The tone of this excerpt is cynical.

69. Practice Exercise 4 D. This letter to the editor is in response to a proposal that creationism be taught in the public schools alongside evolution, which creationists contend is only a theory. Editor—As a public school teacher, I heartily support the teaching of creationism over evolution. Creationism is easy to teach and can help with classroom discipline. (“Behave or you’ll turn into a pillar of salt.”) The savings in textbooks would be tremendous. At an average cost of more than $80 a piece, school textbooks are prohibitively expensive. Bibles are not only much cheaper but are usually given

70. Practice Exercise 4 D. continued away by evangelical groups. The greatest advantage would be that textbooks would be available in every hotel room in America. Incidentally, I teach math (pass the cubits, please)... Jim Thurber Mountain View, California San Francisco Chronicle, December 1, 2004 The tone of this letter is

71. Practice Exercise 4 D. continued away by evangelical groups. The greatest advantage would be that textbooks would be available in every hotel room in America. Incidentally, I teach math (pass the cubits, please)... Jim Thurber Mountain View, California San Francisco Chronicle, December 1, 2004 The tone of this letter is satirical.

72. Practice Exercise 4 E. “The Kim Basinger movie I Dreamed of Africa bombed at the box offi ce last weekend. It wasn’t supposed to be that way. It was originally expected to bomb way back in September.” (Tom King, “Waiting for Their Closeups,” The Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2000) The tone of this selection is

73. Practice Exercise 4 E. “The Kim Basinger movie I Dreamed of Africa bombed at the box offi ce last weekend. It wasn’t supposed to be that way. It was originally expected to bomb way back in September.” (Tom King, “Waiting for Their Closeups,” The Wall Street Journal, May 12, 2000) The tone of this selection is ironic (movie makers don’t expect their movies to bomb)

74. Practice Exercise 4 F. “If Superman were real, here’s how the Iraq war could have been avoided: At the request of the U.N., the Man of Steel rockets to Iraq, scans for weapons of mass destruction with his X-ray vision and, upon finding some, flings them into the sun. Instant disarmament.” (Jeff Jensen, “Cape Cowed,” Entertainment Weekly ) The tone of this passage is

75. Practice Exercise 4 F. “If Superman were real, here’s how the Iraq war could have been avoided: At the request of the U.N., the Man of Steel rockets to Iraq, scans for weapons of mass destruction with his X-ray vision and, upon finding some, flings them into the sun. Instant disarmament.” (Jeff Jensen, “Cape Cowed,” Entertainment Weekly ) The tone of this passage is cynical.

76. Practice Exercise 4 G. This excerpt is a made-up excerpt from a letter sent to a potential credit card customer: Dear Occupant: You’ve been pre-approved! What does that mean? Let us tell you. Just the other day, we were sitting around asking ourselves, “Where are we going to find exactly the kind of person we need?” This was a hard question, because our standards and specifications are stringent. We spent weeks asking ourselves this question. We got sick of looking at one another because we were meeting so often with the same people and asking the same question over

77. Practice Exercise 4 G. continued and over. One of us started to ridicule another one of us for his slight Midwestern “twang.” Another one of us broke down sobbing. It was a trying period. There didn’t make it. But, finally, after countless cups of coffee and cigarettes and frantic phone calls and consultations and trips to the bathroom and looking things up in the dictionary and the thesaurus and just throwing our hands up in despair, we came up with somebody. And that somebody just happened to be someone you know—you! Frank Gannon, “Pre-Approved for Platinum,” The New Yorker

78. Practice Exercise 4 G. Is this passage an example of wit, irony, sarcasm, cynicism, or satire?

79. Practice Exercise 4 G. Is this passage an example of wit, irony, sarcasm, cynicism, or satire? satire

80. Allusion A pointed and meaningful reference to something outside the text, which helps illuminate the subject. The Bible or other religious texts History Literature Greek, Roman, or other mythology Popular culture, including movies, songs, works of art, fashion, the media, etc.

81. Allusion A master reader may read allusion. The common reader will have difficulty. If you can’t grasp the connection between the allusion and the subject, it is impossible to understand the allusion. Go to pp. 266-267.

82. Special Stylistic Effects Special Effects  Understatement  Hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration)  Alliteration  Repetition for effect  Unusual sentence structure

83. Special Effects  Understatement  Hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration)  Alliteration  Repetition for effect  Unusual sentence structure

84. S PECIAL EFFECTS Repetition for effect Attention getter Unusual sentence structure Attention getter by having incomplete sentences (fragments) and repetition Alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds in words—more often associated with poetry suspense