1. Common Products of Combustion Firefighter I

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3. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Combustion Combustion – a rapid and self-sustaining chemical process that yields heat, light, usually in the form of flame, and other products including smoke and fire gases (i.e. fire) (IFTSA, 2008) Combustion – a rapid and self-sustaining chemical process that yields heat, light, usually in the form of flame, and other products including smoke and fire gases (i.e. fire) (IFTSA, 2008) Modes of combustion Modes of combustion – Are differentiated based on where the reaction is occurring Flaming combustion Flaming combustion – Is oxidation that involves fuel in the gas phase – Requires liquid or solid fuels to be vaporized Non-flaming or smoldering combustion Non-flaming or smoldering combustion – Is oxidation that occurs on the surface of some solid fuels, particularly those that are porous and can char » Charcoal » Some types of fabric and upholstery 3

4. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion Heat/heat energy Heat/heat energy – Is a danger to anyone directly exposed to it Burns Burns Damage to the respiratory tract Damage to the respiratory tract Dehydration Dehydration Heat exhaustion Heat exhaustion 4

5. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion (continued) Flame (light) Flame (light) – Is the luminosity created by the flame – Does not pose a hazard – Note: The flame is the fire itself. It burns and spreads the fire by direct contact and through the heat that is produced by the combustion of the fuel (See: transfer of heat) 5

6. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion (continued) Smoke Smoke – Is an aerosol composed of gases, vapor, and solid particulates – Is toxic to human life – poses a respiratory hazard caused by its irritants – Contains a wide range of irritants that depend upon the type of fuel Irritants in smoke are the substances that cause Irritants in smoke are the substances that cause – Breathing discomfort – Inflammation of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin Fire gases that are toxic to human life are found in smoke Fire gases that are toxic to human life are found in smoke The toxic effects of smoke inhalation result from the interrelated effect of all the toxic products present The toxic effects of smoke inhalation result from the interrelated effect of all the toxic products present 6

7. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion (continued) Fire Gases Fire Gases – Contain toxic gases and flammable gases – Are generally colorless – Common (toxic) fire gases Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) – Is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of organic materials – Is probably the most commonly encountered product of combustion in structure fires – Is identified as the cause of death for civilians and firefighters without respiratory protection – Is an asphyxiant Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) – Is produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen, also found in smoke – Acts as a chemical asphyxiant, preventing the body from using oxygen at the cellular level 7

8. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion (continued) Fire Gases (continued) Fire Gases (continued) – Common (toxic) fire gases (continued) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) – Is a product of the complete combustion of organic materials – Acts as a simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen – Acts as a respiratory stimulant that increase the respiratory rate Combustion produces many other common toxic gases, the specific compositions of which Combustion produces many other common toxic gases, the specific compositions of which – Vary from fuel to fuel – Have various toxic effects 8

9. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Four Common Products of Combustion (continued) Fire Gases (continued) Fire Gases (continued) – Flammable gases Present during some structural fires Present during some structural fires Result from the incomplete combustion of some fuels Result from the incomplete combustion of some fuels Are dangerous when mixed with the right concentration of oxygen because they can Are dangerous when mixed with the right concentration of oxygen because they can – Increase the fire load – Make the fire burn more completely » When this happens the luminosity of the flame is lost » The lack of luminosity makes the flame difficult to see, which puts firefighters at a greater risk of injury or death 9

10. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Introduction to Human Respiration Basic Anatomy Basic Anatomy – Nose – Mouth – Pharynx (throat) – Larynx (voice box) – Trachea (windpipe) – Bronchi (two branches off of the trachea that go into each lung) 10

11. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Introduction to Human Respiration (continued) Basic Anatomy (continued) Basic Anatomy (continued) – Lungs Anatomy within the lungs Anatomy within the lungs – Bronchioles – air passages that connect the bronchi and the alveoli – Alveoli – small air-containing compartments located at the end of the bronchioles where respiratory gases are exchanged with the pulmonary capillaries – Pulmonary capillaries – the small blood vessels that surround the alveoli Primary function is gas exchange Primary function is gas exchange – Inhalation of oxygen for cellular respiration – Exhalation of waste products, primarily carbon dioxide 11

12. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Introduction to Human Respiration (continued) The Gas Exchange The Gas Exchange – Is a process of diffusion that occurs where the alveoli membrane meets the pulmonary capillaries – Diffuses oxygen into the blood stream and the high concentration of CO 2 from the deoxygenated blood 12

13. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Introduction to Human Respiration (continued) Affinity of Hemoglobin to CO Affinity of Hemoglobin to CO – Hemoglobin – the part of blood that contains iron, carries oxygen through the body, and gives blood its red color – Oxyhemoglobin (O 2 Hb) – when blood’s hemoglobin combines with and carries oxygen in a loose chemical combination – Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) – when CO combines with the blood’s hemoglobin – The affinity between CO and hemoglobin is 200 times stronger than the affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin 13

14. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Introduction to Human Respiration (continued) Respiratory Protection – the protective measures against respiratory hazards such as smoke, toxic atmospheres, and oxygen deficiency Respiratory Protection – the protective measures against respiratory hazards such as smoke, toxic atmospheres, and oxygen deficiency – Toxic – being or containing poisonous material capable of causing death or serious debilitation – Hypoxia – a condition caused by oxygen deficiency 14

15. Copyright © Texas Education Agency 2013. All rights reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with permission. Resources 0135151112, Essentials of Firefighting (5 th Edition), International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) 0135151112, Essentials of Firefighting (5 th Edition), International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) 1439058428, Introduction to Fire Protection (4 th Edition), Klinoff, Robert 1439058428, Introduction to Fire Protection (4 th Edition), Klinoff, Robert http://www.lung.org/your-lungs/how-lungs- work/?gclid=CNPersHn2LwCFdFAMgodzT0AD A http://www.lung.org/your-lungs/how-lungs- work/?gclid=CNPersHn2LwCFdFAMgodzT0AD A http://www.lung.org/your-lungs/how-lungs- work/?gclid=CNPersHn2LwCFdFAMgodzT0AD A http://www.lung.org/your-lungs/how-lungs- work/?gclid=CNPersHn2LwCFdFAMgodzT0AD A Do an Internet search for the following key words: respiratory system video education with vision Do an Internet search for the following key words: respiratory system video education with vision 15