1. Chapter 6
Forces and Motion

2. Ch. 6 Sec. 1: Objectives
Explain the effect of gravity and air resistance on falling objects.
Explain why objects in orbit are in free fall and appear to be weightless.
Describe how projectile motion is affected by gravity.

3. Gravity and Falling Objects
In the late 1500s, Galileo argued that the mass of an object does not affect the time the object takes to fall to the ground.
To test his hypothesis, he dropped 2 cannonballs of different masses from the same height.
They both landed at the same time.

4. Gravity and Acceleration
Objects fall to the ground at the same rate because acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects.
Acceleration depends on force and mass.
A heavier object experiences greater gravitational force than a lighter object.
It is also harder to accelerate because it has more mass.
The extra mass balances the additional gravitational force.

5. Gravity and Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time.
All objects accelerate toward Earth at 9.8 meters per second squared.
So, for every second that an object falls, the object’s downward velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second squared.

6. Gravity and Acceleration

7. Velocity of Falling Objects
Use the following formula to calculate velocity of falling objects:
∆v  g  t
Change in velocity = acceleration
G = gravity (9.8 meters per second squared)
T = time object takes to fall (seconds)

8. Sample Problems

9. Example # 1: Calculating Velocity
A rock at rest is dropped from a cliff, and the stone hits the ground after a time of 3 seconds. What is the rock’s velocity when it hits the ground?
∆v  g  t
Change in vel. = 9.8 m/s^2 x 3 sec.
Change in vel. = 29.4 m/s^2

10. Example # 2: Calculating Velocity
A penny at rest is dropped from the top of a tall stairwell. What is the penny’s velocity after it has fallen for 2 seconds?
Use the formula: ∆v  g  t
Remember: G = 9.8 meters per second squared

11. Example # 3: Calculating Velocity
A marble at rest is dropped from a tall building. The marble hits the ground with a velocity of 98 m/s. How long was the marble in the air?
Manipulate the formula: ∆v  g  t
Use the formula: t = ∆v G = 9.8 m/s^2 g

12. Air Resistance
Air resistance is the force that opposes motion of objects through air.
The amount of air resistance acting on an object depends on the size, shape, and speed of the object.
For example, if a crumpled sheet of paper and a flat sheet of paper were dropped at the same time, which would hit first? Why?

13. Effects of Air Resistance

14. Terminal Velocity
As the speed of a falling object increases, air resistance increases.
The upward force of air resistance increases until it is equal to the downward force of gravity.
At this point the net force is 0N and the object stops accelerating.
The object then falls at a constant velocity known as terminal velocity.

15. Free Fall
An object is in free fall only if gravity is pulling it down and no other forces are acting on it.
Because air resistance is a force, free fall can only occur where there is no air.
Astronauts are able to float in space due to free fall.
A vacuum is a place in which there is no matter. Objects falling in a vacuum are in free fall because there is no air resistance.

16. Free Fall Examples
Astronauts float in orbiting spacecrafts because of free fall.
An object is orbiting when it is traveling around another object in space. The image on the next slide describes how an orbit is formed.

17. Orbit

18. Centripetal Force
The unbalanced force that causes objects to move in a circular path is called a centripetal force.
Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps objects in orbit.
This is the force that allows smaller objects to orbit larger objects.

19. Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is the curved path an object follows when it is thrown or propelled near the surface of the Earth.
Projectile motion has two components—horizontal motion and vertical motion.
These components are independent, so they have no effect on each other.

20. Horizontal vs. Vertical Motion
Horizontal Motion is a motion that is parallel to the ground.
When you throw a ball, your hand exerts a force on the ball that makes the ball move forward.
This force gives the ball its horizontal motion.

21. Horizontal vs. Vertical Motion
Vertical Motion is motion that is perpendicular to the ground.
A ball in your hand is prevented from falling by your hand.
After you throw the ball, gravity pulls it downward and gives the ball vertical motion.

22. Horizontal vs. Vertical Motion

23. Positive vs. Negative Acceleration

24. Positive vs. Negative Acceleration Examples
A) Between what points on the graph is positive acceleration taking place?
B) Between what points on the graph is negative acceleration taking place?
C) What happens to the object at 8 seconds?
D) What would you assume would happen to the object after the 10 second mark? Why?

25. Ch. 6 Sec. 1 Pop Quiz 1) Acceleration depends on what 2 things?
2) What is the rate that objects accelerate towards Earth?
3) What is the formula to calculate change in velocity?
4) What is air resistance?
5) Where does free fall have to occur?

26. Section 2: Objectives
Describe Newton’s 1st law of motion, and explain how it relates to objects at rest and objects in motion.
State Newton’s 2nd law of motion, and explain the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
State Newton’s 3rd law of motion, and give examples of force pairs.

27. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion:
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s first law of motion describes the motion of an object that has a net force of 0 N acting on it.

28. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Part 1: Objects at Rest Objects at rest will stay at rest unless they are acted on by an unbalanced force.
Part 2: Objects in Motion Objects will continue to move with the same velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on them.

29. Newton’s Laws of Motion

30. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Friction between an object and the surface it is moving over is an example of an unbalanced force that stops motion.
Newton’s first law is sometimes called the law of inertia.
Inertia is the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion.

31. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Mass is a measure of inertia.
An object that has a small mass has less inertia than an object that has a large mass.
So, changing the motion of an object that has a small mass is easier than changing the motion of an object that has a large mass.

32. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
Newton’s second law describes the motion of an object when an unbalanced force acts on the object.

33. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Part 1: Acceleration Depends on Mass: The acceleration of an object decreases as its mass increases.
Its acceleration increases as its mass decreases.
Part 2: Acceleration Depends on Force: An object’s acceleration increases as the force on the object increases.
The acceleration of an object is always in the same direction as the force applied.

34. Newton’s Laws of Motion

35. Newton’s Laws of Motion
The relationship of acceleration (a) to mass (m) and force (F) can be expressed mathematically with the following equation:
A = f / m OR F = m x a

36. Newton’s Laws of Motion

37. Example # 1
What is the acceleration of a 7kg mass object if a force of 68.6 N is used to move it towards Earth?
Remember: F = m x a OR A = f/m
Force is measured in Newtons.
Mass is usually measured in a unit of grams.
Acceleration is measured in m/s squared.

38. Example # 2
What force is necessary to accelerate a 1,250 kg object at a rate of 40 m/s squared?
Remember: F = m x a OR A = f/m
Force is measured in Newtons.
Mass is usually measured in a unit of grams.
Acceleration is measured in m/s squared.

39. Example # 3
Zookeepers are carrying a cage that holds a sleeping lion. The total mass of the lion and the cage is 175 kg. The lion’s forward acceleration is 2 m/s squared. What is the force necessary to produce this acceleration?
Remember: F = m x a OR A = f/m
Force is measured in Newtons.
Mass is usually measured in a unit of grams.
Acceleration is measured in m/s squared.

40. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Newton’s third law of motion can be simply stated as follows:
All forces act in pairs.

41. Newton’s Laws of Motion
A force is always exerted by one object on another object.
This rule is true for all forces, including action and reaction forces.
Action and reaction forces in a pair do not act on the same object.
If they did, the net force would always be 0 N and nothing would ever move!

42. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s third law says that all forces act in pairs.
When a force is exerted, there is always a reaction force.
The following slide gives an example for action and reaction pairs.

43. Newton’s Laws of Motion
When an object falls, gravity pulls the object toward Earth and pulls Earth toward the object.
You don’t notice Earth being pulled upward because the mass of Earth is much larger than the mass of the object. Thus, the acceleration of Earth is much smaller than the acceleration of the object.

44. Section 3: Objectives Calculate the momentum of moving objects.
Explain the law of conservation of momentum.

45. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
The momentum of an object depends on the object’s mass and velocity.
The relationship of momentum (p), mass (m), and velocity (v) is shown in the equation below:
p  m x v

46. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity

47. Example # 1
What is the momentum of a 6 kg bowling ball that is moving at 10 m/s down the alley towards the pins?
Remember:
p  m x v

48. Example # 2
An 85 kg man is jogging with a velocity of 2.6 m/s to the north. Nearby, a 65 kg person is skateboarding and is traveling with a velocity of 3 m/s north. Which person has greater momentum?
Remember:
p  m x v

49. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
The law of conservation of momentum states that any time objects collide, the total amount of momentum stays the same.
Objects Sticking Together: After two objects stick together, they move as one object.
The mass of the combined objects is equal to the masses of the two objects added together.

50. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
The combined objects have a different velocity because momentum is conserved and depends on mass and velocity.
So, when the mass changes, the velocity must change, too.
p  m x v

51. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
Objects Bouncing Off Each Other: When two objects bounce off each other, momentum is usually transferred from one object to the other.
The transfer of momentum causes the objects to move in different directions at different speeds.

52. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity
Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law: Conservation of momentum can be explained by Newton’s third law.
Because action and reaction forces are equal and opposite, momentum is neither gained or lost in a collision.

53. Ch. 6 Sec. 2-3 Pop Quiz
1) List the 2 parts to Newton’s 1st Law of Motion.
2) What is Newton’s 1st Law sometimes called?
3) What is a measure of inertia?
4) State Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion.
5) List the 2 parts to Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion.

54. Ch. 6 Sec. 2-3 Pop Quiz 6) What formula is used to calculate force?
7) What formula is used to calculate momentum?
8) When mass changes for an object, what does velocity change?
9) What does the law of conservation of momentum state about momentum?
10) What happens to momentum when 2 objects bounce off each other?

55. Momentum, Mass, and Velocity