2.  Feudalism  Interregional trade  Religion  Expansion  Diffusion

3. The First Global Civilization

4. A. Clans  nomadic kinship clans  Shayks were leaders of tribes; warriors highly valued  lack of unified culture B. Towns & Trade  Towns emerged as oases on caravan routes  Mecca: wealthy center of trade & religion

5.  Matrilineal Society as nomads  Women’s rights depended on clan/tribe  Men more valued as warriors  Polygamy favored inequality Culture & Religion  Strong oral literary tradition  polythestic religion  Moral and Ethical code provided by tribal custom  Kaaba

6.  Muhammad  merchant, married to wealthy widow  610 CE- claimed to have visions A. Persecution & Victory  Muhammad fled home city of Mecca- Hijra 622  Returned to Mecca- forced monotheism

7. Arabs & Islam  Arab monotheism  became conquerors of ME  Provided universal ethics, equality, charity Universal Elements- R  Monotheistic: Allah  Book: Qu’ran  Egalitarianism-equality of believers  Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Fast, Zakat, Hajj  5 ps: Profession of faith, Prayer, poor, pilgrimage to Mecca, painful fasting- PILLARS

8. Consolidation & Division- P  Muhammad dies(632)  CONFLICT!!!- resolved by military under the leadership of Abu Bakr, the new caliph (“king”)  Raided and conquered surrounding Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian territories

9.  656 CE Murder of Uthman, 3 rd Caliphate  Ali (descendent of Muhammad) reemerged as successor  With support of Egypt, Mu’awiya proclaimed succession in 660; Ali, family assassinated  Create Sunni- supported the Mu’awiya & Shi’a- supported Ali split  Relocated capital to Damascus, Syria; built bureaucracy led by Arab Muslim military aristocracy

10.  conquests from Spain to Central Asia- see map  Three Methods of Spread:  Military  Merchant  Missionary  Arabic language spreads with Islam  Technology diffusion Converts & People of the Book  Christians and Jews- okay- people of the book- BUT they were charged a “head tax”

11.  men allowed 4 wives  Strengthened rights of women’s inheritance, divorce  Syncretism create more isolation for women Umayyad Decline  Increasing luxury

12. Chapter 7

13.  Abbasids by 750 had defeated Caliph  Baghdad as Sunni capital  Established Wazir, chief administrators, to oversee enormous bureaucracy Islamic Conversion Exempt Muslims from taxes, offered opportunities in schooling, gov’t

14.  Great urban, economic expansion  Muslim merchants, used technology (dhow),  Slaves served caliphs, officials  Countryside dominated by soldiers, merchants

15. Abbasid Decline  Problems of Succession  Foreign Influence: Slave Mercenaries, Eunuchs, Concubines & Persian advisors  Imperial Extravagance: Monumental building & living = Increasing taxes  Social Unrest: Food riots, pillaging, Shi’a rebels

16.  Harem: Wives & Concubines of caliphs restricted areas of palace  Slave concubines more freedom than wives as non- Muslim  Rich women married at puberty, no career outlets, less education, limited outside contact  Low class women needed to support families

17. Abbasid Loss of Power  Mid 10 th Century Independent. Kingdoms broke away; Egypt & Syria  945: Buyids of Persia took Baghdad; took title of sultan  1055: Seljuk Turks, provided strong political authority against Egypt & Byzantine  Still ruled in Abbasid name

18. . Christian Crusades  8 Crusades led by knights of w. Europe; began 1096 to recapture Holy Land  Influenced Europe: weapons, buildings, lost Greek learning, Math & Numbers, Rugs & Textiles, Chess, Chivalry and Food  Muslims took little from West & removed influence by 1291

19. Flowering of Islamic Learning  Persian Literature- Persian replaced Arabic language for culture  Islamic focus on religion, philosophy, legal codes  Also building, science, medicine, mathematics  Numbers, astronomy, printing, gunpowder from India and China  Navigation, Trade Uses

20. C. Religious Trends  strict adherence to Qu’ran promoted by mullas/ulama  Sufis: wandering mystics seeking personal connection with Allah; primary source of religious expansion

21. D. End of the Caliphate  1220s Chinggis Khan & Mongol moved from central Asia through Turko-Persian regions  1258 Baghdad sacked, last Abbassid caliphate executed