1. Chapter 7: Ethnicity

2. Ethnicity Key Issues Where are ethnicities distributed?
Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Why do ethnicities clash?
What is ethnic cleansing?

3. Issue 1: Distribution of Ethnicities
Ethnicities in the United States
Clustering of ethnicities
African American migration patterns
Differentiating ethnicity and race
Race in the United States
Division by race in South Africa

4. Ethnicity
Ethnicity: identification with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Race: identification with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. Ethnicity is different from Race

5. The Study of Ethnicity
Ethnicity is an important cultural element of local diversity because our ethnic identity is unchangeable.
No ethnicity is attempting or even aspiring to achieve global dominance.
Ethnicity is not subjected to the tension between local diversity and globalization

6. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States
Clustering of ethnicities can occur at two scales:
regions of the country
particular neighborhoods within cities.
The two most numerous ethnicities in the United States are:
Hispanics or Latinos, about 15%
African-Americans, about 13%

7. Clustering of Ethnicities
Clustering of ethnicities can occur at two scales: particular regions of the country and particular neighborhoods within cities.
African-Americans are clustered in the Southeast
Hispanics in the Southwest
Asian-Americans in the West
American Indians in the Southwest and Plains states.

8. African Americans in the U.S.

9. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.

10. Asian Americans in the U.S.

11. Native Americans in the U.S.

12. Concentration of Ethnicities in Urban Cities
African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas.
About 90% of these ethnicities live in urban areas
Concentrations of ethnicities in urban cities is disproportionate to the remaining state population:
Detroit: African Americans comprise 85% of city population and only 7% total population of Michigan.

15. Concentration of Ethnicities in Urban Cities
Similar disproportions exist in Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles.
In highly populated Hispanic states the imbalance is not as significant as in Detroit.

16. African-American Migration Patterns
Three major migration flows have shaped (African-American) distribution within the United States:
Forced migration from Africa in the 18th century
Immigration to northern cities during the first half of the twentieth century
Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second half of the twentieth century.

17. Triangular Slave Trade

18. Catalyst for African-American Migration Northwards
Slavery abolished, but former slaves still have to work for former slave owners (sharecropping)
Sharecropping dies out due to mechanization and decline in cotton prices
African Americans were drawn to the Industrial cities of the north for jobs

20. Differentiating Ethnicity and Race
Race has become less important as it is just a generalization of all people of a similar biological classification
Asian is considered a race, but is also an ethnicity
Hispanic and Latino are NOT considered Race: those individuals must choose a race to identify with.
Race can lead to broad discrimination, as it implies that all people of race are share similar traits and capacities

21. Race in the United States
“Separate but Equal” Doctrines:
Supreme Court Decisions on Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson: Segregation is legal.
Brown v. Board of Education: Segregation illegal.

22. Race in the United States
Brown v. Board of Education results in immediate desegregation of schools.
Rather than integrate, white Americans fled mixed neighborhoods: known as “White Flight”
White Flight: the emigration of white Americans from an area in anticipation of African Americans moving in.

23. Division by Race in South Africa
Discrimination by race reached its peak in the late twentieth century in South Africa
Apartheid was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas.

24. Black “Homelands” in South Africa
During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

25. End of Apartheid System
In 1991, the white dominated government of South Africa repealed the Apartheid system
They legalized the African National Congress
And released political prisoner Nelson Mandela from jail after 27 years.

26. Key Issue 2 Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Chapter 7 Ethnicity
Key Issue 2 Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?

27. Issue 2: Ethnicities into Nationalities
Rise of nationalities
Nation-states
Nationalism
Multinational states
Former Soviet Union
Russia
Turmoil in the Caucasus
Revival of ethnic identity
Ethnicity and communism
Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

28. Rise of Nationalities
How are nationality, ethnicity, and race different?
Example: United States
Nationality: identifies citizens of the US both those born here and those who migrated here.
Ethnicity: identifies groups with distinct cultural traditions.
Race: distinguishes individuals as person of color from white.

29. State: politically organized, defined territory with a sovereign government
Nation: group of people with shared cultural characteristics (Scots, Japanese, Cherokee)
Nation-state: a state with one nation (Japan, France, Germany, Egypt, Turkey, Israel)
Multiethnic state: a state that contains multiple ethnicities
Multinational state: a state that contains more than one nationality (Belgium, United Kingdom)

30. The rise of Nation-States
Nation-State: a state who’s boundaries correspond with the boundaries of a specific ethnic group.
This occurs because…..
Self Determination: the belief that ethnic groups have the right to govern themselves.
Nation- States exist because ethnic groups want to be able to govern themselves.

31. Nation States
“State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnic group viewed as a nationality”
True nation-states don’t really exist now
W – made of nation-states
French Republic, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands
Eastern Europe made of empires covering many ethnicities
German, Russian, Austro-Hungary Empires

32. Example of Nation States
Denmark
Close but not perfect example
Southern region on German border holds German-speakers
S. Korea
Almost totally Korean ethnicity
Same language, religion, cultural history, sense of nationality

33. Nationalism Nationalism: is loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
Typically promotes national pride or place one nation above other nations.
Nationalism acts as a centripetal force: an attitude that unifies the people and enhance support for the state. (centripetal being pushing towards the center)