1. The Social-Cognitive Perspective

2. Social-Cognitive Perspective Perspective stating that understanding personality involves considering the situation and thoughts before, during, and after an event

3. Social Cognitive differs from Humanistic & Psychoanalytic Perspectives in Three Ways: 1.It relies heavily on experimental findings 2.It emphasizes conscious, self-regulating behavior 3.It emphasizes that our sense of self can vary, depending on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation.

4. Albert Bandura (1925- ) Developed the social-cognitive perspective, which suggests that to understand personality, one must consider the situation and the person’s thoughts before, during, and after an event People learn by observing and modeling (Bandura) others or through reinforcement (Skinner)

5. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interacting with Our Environment

6. Social Cognitive Perspective Key Terms Reciprocal determinism - explains personality as the result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental interactions Self-efficacy—belief that people have about their ability to meet demands or control aspects of a specific situation

7. Reciprocal Determinism: Three Factors Shape Personality The mutual influences among personality and environmental factors An interaction of three factors: –Thoughts or cognitions –The environment –A person’s behaviors

8. Reciprocal Determinism— Albert Bandura

9. Reciprocal Determinism

10. Self-Efficacy We develop this in childhood but it continues as a lifelong process. A person’s cognitive skills, abilities & attitudes create our self-system Self-system is influenced by self-efficacy – the degree to which we are convinced of our own capabilities and effectiveness in dealing with a new situation. We develop new behaviors and strengthen our self-efficacy by observing others and through mastery experiences.

11. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Personal Control

12. External Locus of Control The perception that chance, or forces beyond a person’s control, control one’s fate

13. Internal Locus of Control The perception that we control our own fate

14. Learned Helplessness The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated bad events Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape.

15. Learned Helplessness

17. Optimistic Explanatory Style When something goes wrong the person explains the problem as: –Temporary –Not their fault –Something limited to this situation

18. Pessimistic Explanatory Style When something goes wrong the person tends to: –Blame themselves –Catastrophize the event –See the problem as beyond their control

19. Positive Psychology A movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive Lead by Martin Seligman

20. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Assessing Behavior in Situations

21. Assessing Personality Social-cognitive perspective would stress putting people into simulated actual conditions to determine how they would behave

22. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective

23. Evaluation of Social Cognitive Perspective Well grounded in empirical, laboratory research However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions Ignores the influences of unconscious, emotions, conflicts instead placing responsibility of behavior firmly on ourselves.

24. Freud vs. Bandura on Human Aggression Freud – Human aggression is a universal unconscious instinct controlled by the superego and restraints of society. Bandura – All behavior is driven by conscious goals and motives. Aggression is the result of a deliberate, rational choice in a particular situation.