1. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS Part II: Law of Segregation Biology 12

2. Joke of the day:

3. Review: experiment 1 Mendel found that 100% percent of the F 1 ’s had purple flowers Mendel found that one trait always appeared and the other trait vanish? The trait that appeared = dominant and he trait that disappeared = recessive

4. Mendel’s Second Experiment Crossed the F 1 generation with itself to produce the F 2 generation

5. What happened? Mendel found that the recessive trait appeared again Mendel repeated this experiment many times and each time found that the F 2 generation had the dominant trait 75% of the time and the recessive trait 25% of the time This 3:1 ratio is known as the Mendelian ratio

6. Again: tall and short…

7. Again: yellow and green….

8. Why did this happen? Mendel realized that there must be two sets of instructions for each characteristic and that each parent would donate one set of instructions to offspring Now we know that the sets of instructions are genes and that a fertilized egg would have two forms of the same gene for every characteristics and we call these two forms alleles.

9. Why did this happen? During meiosis the alleles (one on each chromosome) for a trait separate into different gametes Because one chromosomes of each pair goes to a different gamete Offspring inherit one allele from sperm and one from egg If the dominant allele is present it will be expressed (PP and Pp) The recessive allele will only be expressed if both alleles are recessive (pp)

10. 2. Law of Segregation The two alleles of a gene pair are separated from each other during gamete formation

11. Mendel’s other principle: 3. Principle of Independent Assortment When more then one trait is studied in the same cross, the genes for each trait sort into gametes independently of the genes of the other traits

12. But today….. We now know that Mendel’s principles of Dominance and Independent Assortment are not always true! Some genes have incomplete dominance. Some genes are linked on the same chromosomes so they do not sort independently.

13. To do: Complete Personal Profile and Questions