1. Chapter 8 and 14 Review February 11, 2008

2. Define comparison and contrast. Explain and name the two types of comparison and contrast discussed in Chapter 8. Compare: associating two items by pointing out similarities Contrast: distinguishing between two items by pointing out differences Literal comparison or contrast: comparing or contrasting items that share actual similarities or differences Figurative comparison or contrast: comparing or contrasting items that do not share actual similarities

3. For what three purposes are supporting materials used? Explain why each is important. Clarity Vividness Credibility

4. What are three of the five guidelines for using statistics properly? Do not rely exclusively on statistics Round off statistics Use units of measure that are familiar to your audience Use presentational aids to represent or clarify relationships among statistics Stress the impact of large numbers

5. What is a definition? Please describe the following types of definitions: definition by synonym, definition by etymology, definition by example, and definition by operation. Definition: an explanation of the meaning of a word, phrase, or concept Definition by synonym: substituting a word having similar meaning to the word being defined Definition by etymology: explaining the origin of the word being defined Definition by example: providing an instance or illustration of the word being defined Definition by operation: explaining how the object or concept being defined works, what it does, or what it was designed to do

6. What is an example? Explain what an actual example and a hypothetical example are, including examples. Example: a sample or illustration of a category of people, places, objects, actions,experiences, or conditions Actual example: a true instance or illustration Hypothetical example: an imaginary or fictitious instance or illustration

7. What is narration? Explain the differenced between personal narratives and third-person narratives. Narration: the process of describing an action or series of occurrences; storytelling Personal narrative: a story told from the point of view of a participant in the action, using the pronouns I or we Third-person narrative: a story told from the point of view of a witness, using the pronouns he, she, or they

8. Describe the process for evaluating information from the internet. Make sure to include the four main areas that you should examine. You should examine: –Purpose –Expertise –Objectivity –Accuracy –Timeliness

9. It is important to include “oral footnotes” in your speech, if you are using supporting materials from outside sources. Explain why this important and what these oral footnotes should include. “Oral footnotes” establish credibility for the supporting materials that you have used to develop your speech. Your citation should be specific enough to help listeners locate the source if they are interested.

10. Pick four topics and describe the types of presentational aids that would be appropriate for each. You may NOT repeat the same type of presentational aids for all four topics. The bombing of Pearl Harbor –Pictures –Graphics –Handouts –Projections

11. The following are broad areas to consider when preparing visual aids: focus, layout, highlighting, fonts, color and art. State what you should consider when thinking about each area. (page 1) Focus: focus on key points, don’t present too many ideas at once Layout: use horizontal orientation, keep text where everyone can se it Highlighting: use bullets or numbers, keep sentences short, don’t put too much text on each page

12. The following are broad areas to consider when preparing visual aids: focus, layout, highlighting, fonts, color and art. State what you should consider when thinking about each area. (page 2) Fonts: use easy to read fonts, keep it simple, make it large enough to read Color: use it, but limit the number of colors Art: use it, but only if it is relevant

13. Types of presentational aids include objects, graphics (pictures, diagrams, line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, charts, and maps), projections (slides, transparencies, opaque projection, films, and videos), handouts, audio aids. Explain how each can enhance a speech and when it would be appropriate. Objects can give your speech immedicacy and carry a great deal of impact. Graphics can be used to clarify or illustrate a point effectively. Projections refers to a manner of presentation- any type of graphic can be projected. Handouts can be helpful for listeners to refer back to. Audio aids can give listeners a taste of what something sounds like or looks like.

14. What difficulties might arise from using visual aids? How can these be minimalized? Visual aids can be awkward if you do not practice with them ahead of time. Solution: practice using your aids so you feel comfortable with them. Visuals aids cannot save a poorly planned speech. Solution: prepare effectively for all parts of your speech.

15. What four functions do presentational aids serve? Explain each thoroughly. Increase message clarity Reinforces message impact Increases speaker dynamism Enhances speaker confidence

16. What strategies should you use before and during your speech with regard to presentational aids? Explain why. Before Determine what you want to present visually, and how to present it Ensure easy viewing for all audience members Make sure your visual aid is professional Practice using your visual aid During Reveal the aid when you are ready for it Refer to it, but talk to your audience not your aid Conceal it when you are done with it

17. Why should handouts be used with caution? Explain your answer thoroughly. If you pass them out before the speech, the audience is ahead of you. Passing them out during a speech can be distracting. Passing out handouts after the speech doesn’t allow the audience to refer to them while you are talking.