1. FORCE

2. WHAT IS FORCE? Force is a push or a pull that acts on an object In order to do many things in your daily life, you need force to assist you. Pushing your textbook across your desk or kicking a football all require you to apply force to the object Force can also stop objects from moving. For example when a receiver catches a football Even objects at rest have forces acting on them. As you sit at your desk right now you are being pulled to the ground by the Earth’s force of gravity

3. WHERE DO YOU SEE FORCE?

4. CLASSIFYING FORCE Action-at-a-distance- forces can push or pull an object without touching it. This is also called non-contact forces What example can you think of that uses action-at-a- distance force? Friction- force that opposes the relative motion of an object For example when you slide a hockey puck across a wooden floor, it slows down and stops because friction resists its motion If you slide that same puck across ice, the puck slides farther before stopping because the ice applies less friction on the puck then the floor Contact Forces- must touch the object that they push or pull For example kicking a soccer ball

5. GRAVITY This is the most common action-at-a-distance force Gravity is the attraction between two objects due to their mass The amount of attraction depends upon the amount of each object’s mass and the distance between the two objects For example, if you were to drop a ball it would hit the ground. This is done by the force of gravity. The ball and Earth both have mass and therefore attract each other

6. MASS & WEIGHT Once we have identified the type of force, we often need to measure the amount of force To do this you need to know the MASS and WEIGHT of the object. Mass: the amount of weight in an object For example the mass of a bowling ball is greater than the mass of a tennis ball because it contains more matter The measurement for mass is kilograms (kg) Mass is the amount of matter in an object, the object’s mass does not change as a result Weight: the amount of force on an object due to gravity For example if you traveled from Earth to the Moon, your weight would change because the force of gravity on the Moon

7. MEASURING FORCE The metric unit for force is newton (N), named after Sir Issac Newton Weight is the force of gravity and is measured in newtons (N) On earth a 1.0 kg mass has a weight of 9.8 N Scientists have discovered that the mass of an object and its weight are directly proportional This means that an object with twice the mass has twice the weight On earth a 1.0 kg mass has a weight of 9.8 N. Therefore a 2.0 kg mass has a weight of 19.6 N If you multiply any mass by 9.8 N/kg you get its weight on earth This value, 9.8 N/kg is called Earth’s gravitational field strength and is symbolized by g

8. FORCE EQUATIONS The force of gravity is represented as Fg. The force of gravity on any mass (m) near the surface of Earth can be calculated by: Force of gravity= (mass of object) x (strength of Earth’s gravitational field) For example, to find the weight of a 50 kg student on earth: Fg=mg = (50kg) (9.8N/kg) = 490 N A 50 kg student weighs 490N on Earth Complete question #2 a-c on page 102. We will take them up in 5 minutes.

9. HOMEWORK: 1. Page 105 #1-8 This will be handed in tomorrow and marked. Each question is worth 2 marks except for #8 it is work 3 marks, for a total of 17. 2. Mass and Weight calculation sheet. This is also due tomorrow and out of 20. 4.1 Quiz: Monday, January 11th