1. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-1 Part II Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate Determination Chapter 3 The Foreign Exchange and Eurocurrency Markets Chapter 4 The International Parity Conditions Chapter 5 The Nature of Currency Risk

2. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-2 …a peculiar currency of your own So much of barbarism, however, still remains in the transactions of most civilized nations, that almost all independent countries choose to assert their nationality by having, to their own inconvenience and that of their neighbors, a peculiar currency of their own. John Stuart Mill, 1894

3. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-3 Chapter 3 The Foreign Exchange and Eurocurrency Markets 3.1International Banking and Interbank Markets 3.2The Eurocurrency Markets 3.3The Foreign Exchange Markets 3.4Foreign Exchange Rates and Quotations 3.5Forward Premiums/Discounts and Changes in Spot Rates 3.6Hedging Currency Risk with Forward Contracts 3.7Summary Appendix 3-A The Foreign Exchange Market Game

4. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-4 Chapter 3’s Symbols and acronyms Upper Case Symbols = Prices lower case symbols = changes in a price level P t d (or P t f ) = price of an asset at time t in currency d (or f) p t d (or p t f ) = inflation in currency d (or f) during period t S t d/f = spot exchange rate at time t between d and f s t d/f = change in the spot exchange rate during period t F d/f = forward exchange rate between currencies d and f f t d/f = change in the forward rate during period t

5. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-5 Foreign exchange (fx) markets F Markets »Spot market –trade in cash today with delivery in two business days »Forward market –trade at a pre-specified price and on a pre-specified future date F Volume »volume in April 1998 averaged $1.5 trillion per day »about 75% in the interbank market F Operational efficiency »small retail transactions can be expensive »large interbank transactions have very low costs

6. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-6 Alternative forms of market efficiency F Informational efficiency: »prices reflect all relevant information F Operational efficiency: »market frictions have little influence F Allocational efficiency: »market channels capital toward its most productive uses

7. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-7 Major foreign exchange trading centers (Average daily volume during April of 1989, 1992, 1995, and 1998) Source: Bank for International Settlements triennial survey of central banks.

8. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-8 Rule #1 Keep track of your units. An example: S $/FF = $.2500/FF  S FF/$ = 1/ S $/FF = FF4/$ Dollar value of a bottle of Georges de Bouef: Buy 1 bottle of wine P FF = FF40/btl Spot exchange rate S FF/$ = FF4/$ How much is this in dollars? P $ = P FF /S FF/$ = (FF40/btl)/(FF4.00/$)= $10/btl = P FF S $/FF = (FF40/btl)($.2500/FF)= $10/btl Example of what can go wrong: P $ = P FF S FF/$ = (FF40/btl)(FF4/$) = FF 2 160/(btl-$) ? No!

9. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-9 Rule #2: Always buy or sell the currency in the denominator of a foreign exchange quote. Rule #2: Always buy or sell the currency in the denominator of a foreign exchange quote. Example of buying low and selling high: Buy wine at FF40/btl and sell at FF50/btl  FF10/btl Profit Buy FFs at $.20/FF  Sell $s at FF5/$ Sell FFs at $.25/FF  Buy $s at FF4/$ $.05/FF ProfitFF1/$ Profit Example of what can go wrong: But... if you buy $s (and sell FFs) at $.2000/FF = FF5/$ and sell $s (and buy FFs) at $.2500/FF = FF4/$ you lose FF1/$ !!!

10. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-10 Forward premiums or discounts Percentage forward premium or discount = (F 1 d/f  S 0 d/f ) / S 0 d/f F Forward premium »nominal value in the forward exchange market is higher than in the spot exchange market F Forward discount »nominal value in the forward exchange market is lower than in the spot exchange market

11. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-11 An example of forward premiums and discounts Suppose S  $/FF = $0.20/FF and F  $/FF = $0.25/FF Franc forward premium = ($.25/FF  $.20/FF)/($.20/FF) =  25% so the franc is selling at a 25% forward premium. Alternatively, S  FF/$ = FF5.00/$  S  $/FF = $0.20/FF F  FF/$ = FF4.00/$  F  $/FF = $0.25/FF Dollar forward premium = (FF4/$  FF5/$)/(FF5/$) =  20% so the dollar is selling at a 20% forward discount.

12. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-12 Percentage changes in foreign exchange rates Percentage change in the value of a foreign currency = (S 1 d/f  S 0 d/f ) / S 0 d/f An example:S  FF/$ = FF5/$  S  $/FF = $0.20/FF S  FF/$ = FF4/$  S  $/FF = $0.25/FF Percentage change in the franc = (S  $/FF  S  $/FF ) / S  $/FF = ($0.25/FF  $0.20/FF)/($0.20/FF) =  25% Percentage change in the dollar = (S  FF/$  S  FF/$ ) / S  FF/$ = (FF4/$  FF5/$)/(FF5/$) =  20%

13. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-13 The interbank Eurocurrency market Eurocurrencies are bank deposits or loans residing outside of the country issuing the currency »Few regulations –No reserve requirements, interest rate regulations or caps, withholding taxes, deposit insurance requirements, or credit allocation regulations; less stringent disclosure requirements »Low risk –Relatively short maturities: Maturities of less than 5 years –Low interest rate risk: Interest rates tied to a variable rate base such as the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) –Low default risk: Traded between large commercial banks, investment banks and multinational corporations »Highly competitive –Daily volume of several hundred billion dollars ensures competitive bid and offer prices

14. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-14 Spreads in domestic and Eurocurrency credit markets

15. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-15 Linkages between credit & currency markets Linkages between credit & currency markets

16. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-16 Exposure to foreign exchange risk (contract price FF40,000) Expected receipt in francs at E[S 1 $/FF ] = $.25/FF Actual exchange S 1 $/FF = $.20/FF Net loss from original position Risk (or payoff) profile of underlying exposure  V $/FF  S $/FF  $.05/FF  $.05/FF + slope  FF40,000  +$10,000 at $.25/FF  FF40,000  +$8,000 at $.20/FF  $2,000

17. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-17 Currency hedging with forwards (contract price FF40,000) Buy $10,000 forward  $10,000 at F  $/FF = $.25/FF Sell FF40,000 forward  FF40,000 Market exchange of FF +$8,000 for $ at S  $/FF = $.20/FF  FF40,000 Net gain on forward +$2,000 Risk profile of a forward contract  V $/FF  S $/FF -$0.05/FF  $0.05/F F

18. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-18 Net currency exposure Underlying position (long francs) Sell francs forward (short francs and long dollars) Net position Net exposure  V $/FF long francs  S $/FF short francs  FF40,000  $10,000   FF40,000  $10,000

19. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-19 Appendix 3-A A foreign exchange trading game Market Participants F Dealers: make a market in foreign currency (quote bid & offer prices) F Traders: trade for their own acct Rules of the Game - “Buy ringgits low and sell ringgits high”  One contract  Rg1,000,000,000 (Malaysian ringgits) F Trades can be for up to 10 contracts F Record transactions as either a ringgit purchase or sale F Maximum bid-offer spread is 1 b.p. ($0.0001/Rg=.01¢/Rg = 1 b.p.) F Dealer quotes are good for two minutes

20. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-20 Arbitrage profit in the Malaysian ringgit market Bank A: “$0.26602/Rg BID and $0.26612/Rg OFFER” Bank B: “$0.26617/Rg BID and $0.26627/Rg OFFER” Bank A Bank B $0.26627/Rg Offer $0.26617/Rg Bid Sell to B $0.26612/Rg Offer Buy from A $0.26602/Rg Bid 1. Buy Rg1 billion from Bank A at $0.26612/Rg offer price 2. Sells Rg1 billion to Bank B at its $0.26617/Rg bid price Arbitrage Profit = ($0.00005/Rg)(Rg1 billion) = $50,000 with NO NET INVESTMENT and NO RISK.

21. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-21 Sample foreign exchange ledger NAME Bank of Cash, Credit, and Industry DATE October 19, 1996 CounterpartyContractsPriceTotal $/RgCumulative Rg balance 1. Penn SquareBUY 10.22004  $0.22004  1 2. CiticorpBUY 30.22010  $0.66030  4 3. Bk of TokyoSELL 20.22016  $0.44032  2 4. Bk of TokyoSELL 40.22020  $0.88080  2 5.... FINAL CLOSING RATES: $.22018/Rg BID and $0.22023/Rg OFFER Closing tradeBUY 20.22023  $0.44046 0 Sum of dollar transactions:  $0.00032/Rg Times contract size x Rg1,000,000,000 Profit (loss)  $320,000

22. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-22 Opening prices: $0. 21945/Rg BID & $0.21950/Rg OFFER News announcements: F The member nations of the G7 have announced that they are buying dollars in an effort to stabilize the dollar. F The U.S. Federal Reserve announces that in an effort to stimulate economic activity it is lowering the discount rate on overnight loans to commercial banks. F The U.S. government reports that the U.S. money supply M1 increased by $1 billion more than expected in the most recent quarter.

23. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-23 The Impact of News Events The Impact of News Events The member nations of the G7 have announced that they are buying dollars in an effort to stabilize the dollar. Value of the U.S. dollar Value of the Malaysian ringgit The Malaysian ringgit depreciates and the spot rate S $/Rg falls P$P$ P’ $ S$S$ D’ $ D$D$ Q$Q$ Q Rg D Rg D’ Rg S Rg P’ Rg P Rg

24. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-24 The Impact of News Events The Impact of News Events The U.S. Federal Reserve announces that in an effort to stimulate economic activity it is lowering the discount rate on overnight loans to commercial banks. This makes it easier for U.S. businesses to borrow and increases economic activity. If this also increases U.S. inflation, then the value of the U.S. dollar should fall. This will result in an appreciation of the ringgit against the dollar. Increases in the domestic discount rate usually, but not always, lead to increases in the value of the domestic currency.

25. Kirt C. Butler, Multinational Finance, South-Western College Publishing, 2e 3-25 The Impact of News Events The Impact of News Events The U.S. government reports that U.S. money supply M1 increased by $1 billion more than expected in the most recent quarter. While this would seem to result in a larger supply of dollars and hence a lower value for the dollar, the increase in the money supply has already occurred and hence should be reflected in the market price of the dollar. On the other hand, if the U.S. Federal Reserve is likely to react to this announcement by increasing the discount rate to slow down the economy, then the dollar may rise in anticipation of Fed policy. If the dollar rises against the ringgit, then the ringgit will fall against the dollar.