1. The Reliability of Interparental and Peer Reports on Adolescent Delinquency Martin Ho and Farah Williams University of Virginia Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge support provided by the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant # R01 MH58066) to Joseph Allen, Principal Investigator, for the conduct and write-up of this study. Society for Research on Adolescence, April 2002

2. Abstract This study examines the reliability of interparental and peer ratings of adolescent delinquency with adolescent self-reported delinquent behaviors, assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist, Problem Behavior Inventory, and Youth Self-Report of delinquency. Data were collected from a sample of 184 teens and their parents (177 mothers, 108 fathers), as well as three peer groups (closest friend, close friend, acquaintance). Simple correlations were conducted between adolescent self-reported delinquency and the multi- reporters’ ratings. An analysis on gender of adolescent effects are also highlighted. Results reveal significant differences in interparental rating reliability on adolescent delinquency. The peer’s level of closeness with the adolescent also affects their rating reliability. Gender effects were clearly present, with differences in parent by gender of adolescent ratings. These findings illustrate the differences in reliability among multiple reporters, both between parents and types of friends.

3. Introduction A crucial issue in interpreting ratings of adolescent delinquent behavior by parents and peers is the reliability of those ratings with adolescent self- reported delinquency. Previous studies have suggested agreement between parent and child ratings of delinquency using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Youth Self Report (YSR), and Problem Behavior Inventory (PBI) (Rey, Schrader, & Morris-Yater, 1993). Modest reliability between adolescent self-reported delinquency and peer ratings have also been shown (Achenbach, McConaughy, & Howell, 1987). The agreement between interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency is less clear. Some studies have found interparental agreement to be low (Christensen, Margolin, & Sullaway, 1992), with mothers reporting more problem behavior than fathers (Jensen, Taylor, Xehakis, & Davis, 1988; Thurber & Osborn, 1993).

4. Individual studies examining interparental agreement often report conflicting patterns of results. Some studies found that mothers report more adolescent problem behaviors than fathers (Christensen et al., 1992; Jensen, Taylor, Xenakis, & Davis, 1988; Thurber & Osborn, 1993). Others studies have found a parent by gender of adolescent interaction, with mothers reporting more problem behaviors for sons and fathers reporting more problem behaviors for daughters (Friedlander, Weiss, & Taylor; 1986 & Graham & Stevenson, 1985). During adolescence, friendships themselves become increasingly important in adolescent development, making this relationship particularly important for examining the validity of peer reports. Very little research has examined the reliability of peer reports of adolescent delinquency with only modest correlations between peer ratings and adolescent self-reports (Achenbach, McConaughy, & Howell, 1987). This study used multi-reporter data to examine the reliability of parent and peer reports as indicators of adolescent delinquent behavior as well as the reliability of interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency.

5. Methods Participants Multi-reporter data were collected from a sample of 184 adolescents (87 males, 97 females), their parents (177 mothers, 108 fathers), and their peers (182 Close Friends, 151 Good Friends, and 146 Acquaintances). Adolescent Race/Ethnicity (self-identified; missing=3) Caucasian105 African American52 Other Minority Group24 Mean Age (SD) Teen13.36 (0.66) Peers13.40 (0.82) Family Income Median $40,00-$59,000 (range=$5,000 to > $60,000) 1 1 Assessed in categories: A. Under $5,000; B. $5,000-$9,999; C. $10,000-$14,999; D. $15,000-$19,999; E. $20,000-$29,999; F. $30,000-$39,999; G. $40,000- $59,999; H. $60,000 or more.

6. Measures Child Behavior Checklist. The original CBCL (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1981) contains 113 items which load on 9 main scales. Parents and peers answered questions regarding the target adolescents’ behavior on the externalizing scales: aggression, hostility, delinquency, hyperactivity, and immaturity. For this study, the short forms taken from Lizotte, Chard- Wierschem, Loeber, & Stern (1992) were used. Problem Behavior Inventory. Originally developed as an open-ended interview, a modified rating form was administered to adolescents and their peers (Elliot & Ageton, 1980). The modified version uses the following scale for each item (in the past 6 months): “How often have you…” Never, Once or Twice, 3 or 4 Times, Once a Month, 2-3 Times a Month, Once a Week, 2-3 Times a Week, Once a Day. Youth Self-Report. The YSR is designed to obtain adolescent reports of their own competencies and problems in a standardized format. The original form (Achenbach, 1991) contained 112 items divided into 9 major scales. For this study, the short form for both the externalizing scale (aggressive behavior, delinquent behavior, hostile/withdrawn, and hyperactive) and immaturity scale were used.

7. Results Table 1 shows correlations between multi-reporter ratings (mother, father, closest friend, good friend, acquaintance) of teen delinquency behaviors and teen’s self-reported behaviors. Interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency Mother ratings of delinquency (YSR and PBI), aggression, hostility, and hyperactivity were significantly related to teens’ self-reported delinquent behaviors. Father ratings of delinquency (YSR only), hostility, and hyperactivity were significantly related to teens’ self-reported delinquent behaviors. Mothers were significantly more reliable than fathers in their ratings of teen delinquency (YSR and PBI) and aggression, while fathers were significantly more reliable than mothers in their ratings of teen hostility.

8. Peer ratings of adolescent delinquency Teen’s closest friend and good friend’s ratings were significantly related to teens’ self-reported delinquent behaviors. Aquaintances’ ratings on all types of delinquency were not related to teen self-reported delinquent behaviors. Table 2 shows correlations between multi-reporter ratings of teen delinquency behaviors by teen’s gender. Results show significant differences in ratings by the adolescent’s gender. Interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency by gender Mothers were significantly more reliable than fathers in their ratings for both male and female teens. Mother ratings on teen delinquency and aggression were more reliable for female teens than male teens; however, mother ratings on teen hostility were more reliable for male teens than female teens.

9. Interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency by gender (cont’d) Father ratings of teen delinquency were not significantly related to teen’s self-reported delinquency for males on both the YSR and PBI. Mothers were significantly more reliable in their ratings of teen aggression and hostility in males than females. In Table 1, fathers were more reliable than mothers in their ratings of teen hostility and hyperactivity; however in Table 2, we see that: Mothers were more reliable in reporting male teen hostility and female teen hyperactivity. Fathers were more reliable in reporting female teen hostility and male teen hyperactivity. Peer ratings of adolescent delinquency by gender Closest friends were significantly more reliable in rating teen’s delinquency for both males and females on the YSR, but only for males on the PBI. Their ratings were also significantly more reliable than father ratings.

10. Conclusions The findings highlight clear differences in interparental ratings of adolescent delinquency. More importantly, the adolescent’s gender interacts with mothers’ and fathers’ rating reliability. Overall, mothers are more consistent and reliable raters of both male and female adolescent delinquency. Overall, fathers are more consistent and reliable raters of female adolescent delinquency, aggression, and hostility. Peer ratings of teen delinquency also vary by the closeness of the friendship. Overall, closest friends are better reporters of teen delinquency than good friends and acquaintances. Gender of adolescent also interacts with peers’ rating reliability.

11. Table 1. Correlations between multi- reporter ratings of teen delinquency

12. Table 2. Gender differences in multi- reporter ratings of teen delinquency

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