1. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Movement (kinesiology):
anatomy . physiology . biochemistry . physics
Control of movement:
motor control . anatomy .
neurophysiology
Bioenergetics of movement:
biochemistry . endocrinology
Control of the bioenergetics of movement:
biochemistry . enzymology molecular biology
Enhancement of performance:
molecular biology . cell
biology . signal transduction physics . motor control
Movement and health:
nutrition . biochemistry
biology . immunology .
endocrinology . oncology . pathophysiology . toxicology

2. To deal with all this stuff we need a cellular view of the world

3. Cells & Stuff

4. ATP provides energy to build and repair cell structures
and membranes. We consume oxygen when the molecules
in the food are metabolized to CO2 and H2O and the energy
from this process is used to synthesize ATP.

5. Membranes which surround cells and organelles are very sensitive to physical trauma and chemical attack

6. Typical Cell Membrane

8. Cell membranes allow the outside to be different from the inside
Ca+
Ca+

9. A Liver Cell

12. Microtrabecular Lattice aka: Cytoskeleton

13. Heart Cells

14. Kidney Cells

15. Testes Cells

16. Organs
Cells with the same function are organized as organs: kidney, adrenal, liver, etc.
Organs with supporting functions are organized as organ systems: cardiovascular system (heart, veins, arteries), endocrine system (pituitary, hypothalmus, adrenal, pancreas …), etc.

17. Liver Following Different Treatments
Liver from Liver from Liver from
Sedentary-Ethanol Control Run-Ethanol

18. Stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA
Stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic information (as messenger RNA) can pass from nucleus into cytoplasm, where amino acids are assembled into proteins
Nucleus
mRNA

19. Sequence of DNA molecules codes for a sequence of amino acids of a protein. Different sequences of DNA molecules (genes) code for different proteins. Transcription of DNA sequence into mRNA sequence is tightly controlled by transcription activators and repressors which are in turn controlled by metabolic, hormonal, of other signaling processes.

20. Endoplasmic reticulum
Extensive membranous network of tubules and flattened sheets
Granular ER has ribosomes attached, which are the sites of protein synthesis
Smooth ER stores and releases calcium
Granular ER Smooth ER

21. Golgi apparatus
Series of cup-shaped, flattened membranous sacs associated with numerous vesicles
Function is to concentrate, modify and sort newly synthesised proteins prior to secretion from the cell

22. Mitochondrion 1 m Krebs’ cycle -oxidation of fatty acids
Large surface area Selective permeability Electron transport chain
1 m

23. Active Transport & Life
Energy for active transport which maintains cellular integrity comes mainly from mitochondria …
If mitochondrial function declines then total cell function declines, possibly resulting in cell death …
If a sufficient number of cells die then organ failure results … possibly leading to death of the individual

24. Active Transport
Cells spend a tremendous amount of energy moving compounds into the cell (or into the endoplasmic reticulum) and other compounds out of the cell through Active Transport

25. Active Transport of Sodium & Potassium

26. This next set of slides is here to introduce the concept that the reason we get changes with exercise is not to win medals in athletic competition but rather to avoid the toxic effects of exercise.

27. Membranes & Necrosis
Membranes which surround cells and organelles are very sensitive to physical trauma, or to chemical damage caused by oxygen radicals or chemical radicals

28. An intact cell membrane acts as a barrier for (among other things) charged particles such as calcium.

29. A damaged cell membrane will allow (among other things) charged particles to enter the cell or organelle.

30. Membranes & Necrosis
Damage to cell membranes or to endoplasmic reticulum membranes allows calcium (and other ions) to leak into cell cytoplasm – increasing osmotic pressure and causing swelling

31. Membranes & Necrosis
Increased membrane permeability leads to swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum and more calcium leaks. Calcium activates lysosomal enzymes which digest lipids leading to more membrane leaks.

32. Membranes & Necrosis
Mitochondria take up calcium and greatly reduce ATP synthesis – leading to poor repair of membranes and increased damage. Mitochondria swell up while cellular membranes fragment and lysosomal enzymes continue to digest cellular components

33. Membranes & Necrosis
When the cell membrane is damaged, or “dying”, the cell synthesizes and releases cytokines which initiate an inflammatory process