1. Belgrad, 23.10.2015 Dr. Sebastian Schwab

2. Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research Hands-on session: alpha amylase alpha amylase as a saliva based biomarker for the analysis of stress in a motivational fit-situation

3. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research Most previous studies demonstrate that a regulatory fit in motor and cognitive tasks will lead to performance improvements. o What could be the reason for that? o Which mechanism could be behind it? o Is it a neurobiological mechanism? stress??? problem

4. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research Edwards et al., 2007, Work & Stress; Wallace et al., 2009, Journal of Applied Psych. Plessner et al., 2009, Psych. of Sport and Exercise; Memmert et al., 2009, Zeitschrift für Sportpsych.; Shah et al., 1998, Journal of Personality and Soc. Psych.; Keller & Bless, 2006, Euro. Journal of Soc. Psych.; Spiegel et al., 2004, Euro. Journal of Soc. Psych. Is stress as a physiological parameter a potential mediator to explain the better performances in motivational fit-situations? motivation performance stress

5. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research The participants‘ stress level in fit-situations remains constant or rather decreases, whereas under non-fit-conditions an increase of the stress activity will be observed. hypothesis

6. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research letter of agreement personal questionnaire questionnaire (Keller & Bless, 2006, Euro. J. Soc. Psychol.) (Friedman & Förster, 2001, J. Perso. and Soc. Psychol.) (Friedman & Förster, 2001) (Friedman & Förster, 2005, J. Perso. and Soc. Psychol.; Friedman et al., 2003)

7. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase is an index for stress-induced activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (Rohleder & Nater, 2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology) non-invasive with a saliva sample responds to stress immediately and without great time delay in comparison to cortisol (Strahler, 2012) also applicable in possible field studies apeears to be a reliable, simple, saliva based indirect marker of the SNS-activity (Nater & Rohleder, 2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology; Rohleder & Nater, 2009, Psychoneuroendocrinology)

8. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research (Rohleder et al., 2004, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.; Chatterton et al., 1996, Clin. Physiol.) alpha amylase correlates with (nor-)adrenalin

9. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – sampling methods drooling spitting sucition absorption Rohleder and Nater (2009) summarized that for saliva sampling, salivettes and passive drooling are both equally well suited.

10. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – storage up to 3 weeks up to 12 months up to 5 months

11. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – analysis Prof. Dr. C. Kirschbaum Biopsychology - TU Dresden Zellescher Weg 19, Raum 212 D-01062 Dresden, Germany Pack salivettes in zipper bags

12. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research briefing What are the methodic characteristics when measuring alpha amylase? Which are the influencing factors of alpha amylase?

13. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – daily fluctuations (Rohleder et al., 2004, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.)

14. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – age (Strahler et al., 2010, Psychophysiol.)

15. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – caffeine (Klein et al., 2010, Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp.)

16. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – food (Fröhlich et al., 1987, Physiol. Behav.)

17. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – gender (van Stegeren et al., 2008, Int. J. Psychophysiol.)

18. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research alpha amylase – exercise (Sariri & Damirchi, 2010, Pharmacologyonline)

19. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research methodic conclusions daily fluctuations age caffeine food exercise gender test between 10 and 12 o‘clock sport students no coffee no big meal no exercise men

20. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research (Schwab, Wolf & Memmert, 2015, Stress) non-fitfit 64 male students between 20 and 33 years (M = 24.29, SD = 3.123) r = -0.249, p <.05

21. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research task enjoyment: r = 0.181, p =.076 (clear trend) motivation: r = 0.219, p <.05 Participants are more motivated when being in a relative fit-situation compared to a relative non-fit-situation. more results

22. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research 64 male students between 20 and 33 years (M = 24.29, SD = 3.123) Diff_1_2: t(1,58) = -2.540, p <.05 Diff_1_3: t(1,58) = -2.278, p <.05 (Schwab, Wolf & Memmert, 2015, Stress)

23. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research discussion Our data indicate that the SNS was influenced by a motivational task: sAA activity of participants in a fit-situation decreased, while it increased in a non-fit-situation. Differential effects on the SNS could be seen as a possible mediator to explain the benefits of a fit-situation in contrast to a non-fit-situation.

24. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research future prospects Future research designs should try to replicate these findings with the help of cognitive and motor performance tasks that have already been used under rgulatory fit-aspects. With different tasks and questionnaires, it would be possible to evaluate whether participants under fit-conditions perform better than participants under non-fit-conditions, along with determining sAA activity of participants in a fit-situation decreases versus that of participants in a non-fit-situation.

25. Dr. Sebastian Schwab Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research Thank you for your attention! s.schwab@dshs-koeln.de