1. The Four Basic Parts of Plants
Leaves
Stems
Roots
Flowers

2. Stems: Transport Plant Structure: Organs: Roots, Stems (trunks) and
leaves
Tissues: a group of cells working
together to perform a certain task

3. Stems Mostly above ground
Except: Potatoes and ginger are underground stems

4. Stems Functions Support flowers & leaves
Movement of materials: Vascular System
Stores food and water

5. Internal Stem Structure
Vascular Tissue
Made of hollow tubes

6. Internal Stem Structure
Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the rest of the plant.

7. Internal Stem Structure
Vascular Tissue
2. Phloem: carries sugars produced by photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant.

8. Internal Stem Structure
Xylem
Water and dissolved minerals move up from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Cohesion and Adhesion: physical properties of water (Hydrogen bonding) allows water to rise through the plant

9. Transport
Cohesion (“co”-together, “haerere”-to cling): strong attraction between water molecules to each other.
Adhesion: attraction of water molecules for other surfaces (such as water molecules for the wall of the xylem tissue)

10. Transport
Capillary Action: tendency of water to move upward in a hollow tube.
Caused by tension created by cohesion and adhesion

11. Transport
Transpiration: Loss of water, “evaporation” from leaves (high to low concentration)
Outward flow of water (out of plant) causing a vacuum, pulling water upward.

12. Internal Stem Structure
Phloem
Example: sap (fluid): products of photosynthesis move from leaves to stems and roots.
Minerals traveling up can also move here.

13. Internal Stem Structure
Phloem
Sugar source: high concentration of sugar (leaves, can be roots)
Sugar sink: uses or stores sugar
Growing shoots and stems, fruits, storage roots

14. Herbaceous vs Woody
Herbaceous: soft, low growing, green and conduct photosynthesis
Monocot or Dicot

15. Herbaceous vs Woody Woody: Tree trunks-dicots
Center: Hardwood: oldest part
Support
No transport
Sapwood:
Around heartwood
Does transport water

16. Tree Rings Each Annual Ring:
Includes both a light and dark ring: represents one year of growth
Evidence of the age of tree: count the number of rings

17. Tree Rings Tells us how much tree grew each season
Good supply of water in spring:
Cells are wide and have thin walls  light in color
Water limited:
Cells smaller and thicker walls 
darker in color