1. Slide 1 of 26 chemistry

2. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 26 Models of the Atom The scale model shown is a physical model. However, not all models are physical. In fact, several theoretical models of the atom have been developed over the last few hundred years. You will learn about the currently accepted model of how electrons behave in atoms. 5.1

3. Slide 3 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Scientific Models (ds) Scientific modeling: the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models.conceptual graphicalmathematical A model is a simplified abstract view of the complex reality. Models are a way of simplifying complex phenomena. Models are used to explain complicated phenomena.

4. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Slide 4 of 26 The Development of Atomic Models What was inadequate about Rutherford’s atomic model? 5.1

5. Slide 5 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain the chemical properties of elements. Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain why objects change color when heated. 5.1

6. Slide 6 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1803 to 1911. 5.1

7. Slide 7 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Early Development of Atomic Theory (ds) John Dalton JJ Thomson Thomson & Rutherford

8. Slide 8 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1913 to 1932. 5.1

9. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Slide 9 of 26 The Bohr Model What was the new proposal in the Bohr model of the atom? 5.1 Niels Bohr (ds)

10. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 10 of 26 Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus. 5.1

11. Slide 11 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Each possible electron orbit in Bohr’s model has a fixed energy. The fixed energies an electron can have are called energy levels. A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level. 5.1

12. Slide 12 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced. The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level. 5.1

13. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Slide 13 of 26 The Quantum Mechanical Model What does the quantum mechanical model determine about the electrons in an atom? 5.1

14. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 14 of 26 Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model The quantum mechanical model determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus. 5.1

15. Slide 15 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887– 1961) used new theoretical calculations and results to devise and solve a mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom. The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, comes from the mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation. 5.1

16. Slide 16 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Founder of Quantum Theory Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)

17. Slide 17 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model The propeller blade has the same probability of being anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller. 5.1

18. Slide 18 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud. The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high. 5.1

19. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Slide 19 of 26 Atomic Orbitals How do sublevels of principal energy levels differ? Energy level1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Sublevelss, p, d, f correspond to shapes Orbitalss, p x, p y, p z, etc correspond to di rection 5.1

20. Slide 20 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals An atomic orbital is often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron. Each energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found. 5.1

21. Slide 21 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. The s orbitals are spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. 5.1

22. Slide 22 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space. 5.1

23. Slide 23 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the energy sublevel. 5.1

24. Slide 24 of 26 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals The number of electrons allowed in each of the first four energy levels are shown here. 5.1

25. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 25 of 26 Models of the Atom > Animation 5 Observe the characteristics of atomic orbitals. Atomic Orbitals

26. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 26 of 26 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 5.1 Section Quiz. 5.1.

27. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 27 of 26 5.1 Section Quiz. 1.Rutherford's planetary model of the atom could not explain a.any properties of elements. b.the chemical properties of elements. c.the distribution of mass in an atom. d.the distribution of positive and negative charges in an atom.

28. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 28 of 26 5.1 Section Quiz. 2.Bohr's model of the atom proposed that electrons are found a.embedded in a sphere of positive charge. b.in fixed positions surrounding the nucleus. c.in circular orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus. d.orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed circular path.

29. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 26 5.1 Section Quiz. 3.What is the lowest-numbered principal energy level in which p orbitals are found? a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4

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